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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristic of bacterias |
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viral characteristics
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Tiny
Contain Genetic material Capable of Reproducing, using the living cell they invade some cause diseases |
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Viral Diseases |
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Characteristic of protozons |
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Diseases caused by protozons |
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Diseases caused by fungi |
Ringworm, yeast infection, athlet's foot |
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What kinds of parasites |
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Ways pathogens enter body |
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Transmission ways of pathogens
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soil and water
food body contact air contamination Vectors (ticks, mosquitos) |
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Two kind of defences |
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specific defenses
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very specific in whic pathogens they attack
reffered to as immune respons lymphocytes plasma proteins interferrons |
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characteristic of lymphocytes
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type of white blood cell
invades by producing antibodies 2 types: B-cell (bone marrow), T-cell (thymus gland) |
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characteristic of plasma proteins
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20 different types
in blood in inactive form |
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characteristic of interferons
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produced by cell of immune system
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What is antibody immunity |
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Cellular immunity |
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Steps of cellular immunity |
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Antibodie srespond in 4 ways |
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What are Vaccines |
weakend or inactive form of pathogens |
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allergies are a ... |
inflammatory response to antigen |
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Symptoms of allergies |
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What is inflammatory response |
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What chemical does the body release when a infection occures |
histamines |
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What are lymph nodes for |
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lymphatic system |
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What is SARS
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severe acute respiratory syndrom
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who is mostly in risk for SARS |
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Symptoms of SARS |
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West-nile-virus |
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vaccines are available for |
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What is the nervous system |
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What are receptors |
part of nervous system that receives informations |
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What are effectors |
part of the nervous system that acts on informations |
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other name for cerebral cortex
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Cerebrum
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The forebrain is made up of |
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each hemisphere (right & left) is divided into
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Frontal Lobes (forehead): emotional response and memory for habits
occipital lobes (back): controls vision parietal lobes (top): visual attention, touch, voluntary movements temporal lobes (side): control hearing, memory, speech |
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amygdala |
almond-shaped structure within temporal lobe |
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What is the outermost layer of the cerebrum composed of |
gray matter |
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cerebrum |
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how are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum connected |
by corpus callosum |
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thalamus |
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hyperthalamus |
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What is the corpus collosum made up of |
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Function of right brain |
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What are impulses |
nerve signals |
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What are the two parts of the nervous system |
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The CNS consits of |
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The automatic Nervous systen is divided into |
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What is the CNS made up of |
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Where is the spinal cord connected |
to the base of the head |
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what are meninges |
protective membranes |
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what fills the space between cns and meringes |
cerebrospinal fluid |
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what is the CNS responsible for |
our abilities to understand and change our surroundings |
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how many pairs of spinal nerves |
31 |
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functio nof spinal cord |
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what are the 3 general types of nerve cells |
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What is the peripheral nervous system |
nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord |
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what are the two types of pns |
- digestion - circulation - excretion - respiration
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general sections of brain |
hindbrain midbrain forebrain |
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the hindbrain is divided into
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- medulla oblongata
- cerebellum - pons |
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other name for brain stem
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medulla oblongata
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medulla oblongata
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part of hindbrain
- connects spinal cord to brain - responsible for automatic processes like breathing, swollowing coughing |
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cerebellum
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- part of hindbrain
- located at the base of skull - functions: voluntary movement, balances, equilibrium, memory for reflex motor acts - tow parts: right and left |
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pons
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- small oval structur
- bridge between cerebellum and medulla oblongata |
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midbrain
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- short section between pons and forebrain
- works with cerebellum to control muscle coordination - relay center for balance, vision, hearing |
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Function of left brain
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- using symbols to represent things
- uses words in description - relies on facts and reasoning - good sense of number - ppor sense of spatial relationships - logical |
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how is the brain protected
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by skull and fluid within the membranes
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wat is a concussion
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- brain can move around
- causing bruising , breaking of blood vessels, damage of nerves |
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what are causes of concussion
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- sport injuries
- car accident - physical fighting |
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treatment of concussion
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- stop activity
- give brain enough time to repair - another brain injury can be seroius - needs to see a doctor |
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symptoms of concussion
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- dizziness
- light-headedness - delayed memory - nausea/vomitting - headache - blurred vission - slurred speech - difficulty with coordination and concentration - feeling tired |
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postconcussion syndrom
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- does (DEMO VERSION!) not recover from symptoms for a few month
- some symptoms may be permanent |
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what are neurons
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- nerve cells
- very unique structure - they carry messages in form of nerve impulses - convert messages into electrochemical |
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part of a neuron
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- cell body containing nucleus
- dendrites - axon - schwann chells - myelin Sheat - node of Ranvier |
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how does the neuron works
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- impulses is electrical in nature (also called action potential)
- very fast - ions are the primary carriers |
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what does polarized means
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positive and negative ions inside and outside of the membrane of the axon are not equilly distributed
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what are the main ions involed in an impulse
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- potassium
- Sodium |
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when the membrane is in resting state where are more iosn
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commonly more positive ions on the outside
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hat happens when a nerve impulse is received by the neuron
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the polarity of the membrane changes
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Where are more positive ions when a nerve impulse is send
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- more positive ions are on the inside
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why are more positive ions inside if a nerve impulse is send
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because of the movement of sodium ions into cell
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What is the interval time between impulses called
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Refractory period
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What is a neuron's threshold
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a neuron must receive a minimum amount of stimulation before initiating an impulse
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how does the threshold level works
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if the stimulus is equal or greater than threshold level the neuron will send an impulse
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what are dendrites
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- fibres that extend from cell body
- pick up impulses from other neurons |
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What is the cytoplasm of a neuron called
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neuroplasm
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single large fiber that extends from cell body
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axon
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function of axons
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transmit electrical impulses away from cell body toward the dendrites of other neurons
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what does Schwann cells form
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- a fatty layer called myelin sheat
- speeds up function of neuron - allow neurons to tegenerate themself |
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what is between each schwann cell
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node of ranvier
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what are the gaps called where the nerve impulse "jumps" from one node to the next
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node of ranvier
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what is the space between the neurons called
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- synapse
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what is the methode of transmission of a neuron
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chemical
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What is the structur at the end of an axon called
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synaptic knob
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what does the synaptic knob do
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it meets the membrane of the dendrites of the next neuron
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how are the small sacs in the synaptic knob called
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synaptic vesicles
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wat is the chemical called that synapse is filled with
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neurotransmitters
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function of neurotransmitters
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stimulates neuron action
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what is the method of neuron communication
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electrical
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what does the wave of depoalrisation triggers
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- the opening of special calcium ion gates
- stimulates the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap |
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how are neurons interconnected
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in many complex ways
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example for neurotransmitter
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- acetylcholine
- dopamine - serotonine |
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function of actylcholine
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affects the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles but inhibits cardiac muscle
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function of dopamine
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- affects voluntary movement
- emotional intensity |
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what hormone is produced in drenal gland (medulla) and what is its function
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- adrenaline
- increases heart rate - increases breathing rate - blood glucose levels |
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hormon in adrenal gland (cortex) and function
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1. Cortisol
- increases level of amino acids - helps body recover from stress 2. Aldosterone- maintain body fluid levels |
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hormone pituitary gland and function
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1. growth hormone
- promotes growth 2. oxytocin - contraction of muscles from uterus 3. antidiuretic hormone - increases water reabsorption in kidney |
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hormone in testes and function
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- testosteron
- onset of male secondary sex characteristics |
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hormones o pancreas and function
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increases glucose utilization by body cells
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hormones ovary and function
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- estrogen
- promotes onset of female secondary sex characteristics |
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what are the control systems of the body
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nervous and endocrine
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similarities of nervous and endocrine system
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both secrete chemical substances
both help maintain homeostasis |
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differences nervous and endocrine system
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- nerves respond rapid and short
- endocrine respond slow and long - nerves transmit impulses via neurons - hormones carried by blood |
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what is the function of neurotransmitters
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Allow the nerve impulse to jump fthe gap between neurons
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function of serotonin
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affects:
- memory - emotion - altertness - sleepyness-theromoregulation |
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production of endocrine glands
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hormones
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hormones are release into
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bloodstream
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what are endocrine glands
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effectors
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Why are endocrine gland effectors
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respond to messages from CNS
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how is hormone production controlled
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feedback loops
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what is the function of feedback loops
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- help the body adjust to changes in the encironment
- to maintain homeostasis |
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what is target tissue
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tissue that "recognizes" the hormone and reacts in whatever manner to maintain homeostasis
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important hormone in stress
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adrenaline
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were is adrenaline produced
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adrenal gland
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where is the adrenal gland located
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just above the kidney
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what does adrenaline do
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- rises blood sugar levels
- increases heart rate - increases breathing rate - increases metabolic rate |
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what is the response to adrenaline called
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fight or flight
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What nervous system is involved in thermoregulation
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autonomic nervous system
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How is thermoregulation regulated by nervous system
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1. receptors in skin detect external temp, receptors in hypothalamus detect temp of blood
2. receptors send nervous message to hypothalamus 3. hypothalamus sends message to muscles in arterious, which constrict, decrease blood flow, decrease heat loss 4. nervous messages send to muscle in skin, cause goos bumps 5. message send to skeletal muscles, contract and relax quickly |
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How is thermoregulation regulated by endocrine system
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1. hypothalamus send a message to pituitary gland
2. pituitary gland releases a hormone called TSH, causes release of thyroxin 3. thyroxin increases the body's metabolic rate |
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what is methamphetamine
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- illegal drug
- highly addictive - increases release of dopamine - stimulates brain cells, body movement and mood - damages neuron cells |
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what is acetaminophen
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- over the counter drug
- analgesic -reduces fever - raises pain threshold |
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what are anabolic steroids
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- synthetic substances related to male sex hormone
- promotes growth of skeletal muscle - legal only by prescription |
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Factors that play a role in wellness
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- drug use
- seleep habits - diet: anemia, obestity, osteoporoses |
