Biology Glossary

Front 1

Somatic-voluntary

Back 1

I.e skeletal muscle

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Autonomic-involuntary uncontrol

Back 2

Inside our internal organ i.e cardiac muscle and smooth muscle produce a response via sympathetic fight or flight action for instance when you almost get run by a tiger your internal organ such as blood vessels (effector) increases this is called autonomic things you can't control

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Descending

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Gradually going from higher to lower-top of hill to the bottom

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Plexus

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Each of the cervical plexus in the neck, brachial plexus in the shoulder,lumbar plexus lower abdomen,sacral plexus, lower parts I.e leg and foot. Each plexus consist of specific names for specific job they do. Each nerve plexus shape like nerve branches out to their specific job

Front 5

Somatic motor neuron

Back 5

ACh is short for acetylcholine and this is the neurotransmitter chemical at the synapse

Front 6

SNS

Back 6

provides Conscious and subconscious controls over the skeletal muscle of the body lower motor neurons maybe controlled by reflexes at the spinal cord

I.e the somatic motor neuron send ACh acetylcholine neurotransmitter chemical at the synapse to the effector such as skeletal muscle and the result is contraction of the leg

Front 7

Preganglion neuron

Back 7

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neuron lie in the brain stem and spinal cord

Front 8

Autonomic ganglia

Back 8

Here, the axon endings of preganglionic neurons synapse with the dendrites or cell bodies of postganglionic neurons the second motor neuron in the pathway

Front 9

Sympathetic-fight or flight

Back 9

Branch of ANS controlling response to. The sympathetic division activate the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise or rage

Front 10

Parasympathetic

Back 10

Branch of ANS controlling which response to. The parasympathetic is active when the body is at rest allowing us to conserve body energy.

Front 11

Sympathetic division is the action division. It. C

Back 11

H h /txzeE

Front 12

Afferent neurons

Back 12

Incoming information to the CNS

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Efferent neurons

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Incoming information away from the CNS

Front 14

Ascending and descending

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Front 15

Limbic system

Back 15

Thalamus and hypothalamus regions

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Glands

Back 16

Glands are cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions. Ducts are a passageway that delivers exocrine secretions to an epithelial surface

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Exocrine exo outside crying

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Exocrine glands cry through tubes called ducts to the outside I.e anywhere that is connected to the outside e.g tear ducts are exocrine crying to the outside of the eye, salivary glands cry into the mouth other glands cry into the digestive system

Front 18

Endocrine glands

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Cry to the inside I.e into the bloodstream

Front 19

(Exocrine glands) (into ducts) Non hormonal secretions - chemicals

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Sweat glands produce a watery secretion that empties onto the surface of the skin, salivary glands secrete saliva that flows into the mouth

Front 20

Endocrine system (diffuses) (ductless glands)

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Secrete their chemical product known as hormones into the intercellular spaces surrounding the gland. From these space the hormones diffuses directly into the blood and are carried through out the body

Front 21

Follicle cells & parafollicular cells

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Simple cuboidal epithelial cells- connective tissue between are parafollicular cells which produces hormone called calcitonin

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Stimulating

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Encouraging

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Neurotransmitter

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is a chemical within the axon terminal that is released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that binds specifically to a receptor in the postsynaptic neuron to affect changes in the postsynaptic neurons membrane permeability.

Front 24

Endocrine system

Back 24

Conveys information by chemical signals hormones which travel distances in the bloodstream

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Inhibit

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Stop

Front 26

Hyperglycaemic effect-high blood glucose stimulate beta cells to secrete

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Many hormones can raise blood glucose levels in the body (hyperglycaemic effect) only insulin can lower it.

Front 27

Stimulate

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Encourage, motivate, inspire

Front 28

Beta cell and alpha cell of pancreas

Back 28

Vuvivufuv

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Regulate

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Internal control over internal environment

Front 30

Glucose oxidation

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Chemical reaction requires oxygen refers to any reaction where oxygen is combined with another molecule which is then said to be oxidised

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Internal respiration

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The exchange of gases between the blood I.e red blood cells a and body cells

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External respiration

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exchange of gases i.e oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and bloodstream

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Gas exchange

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The main function of the respiratory system

Front 34

Conducting portion of the respiratory system are the

Back 34

Trachea, bronchiole NOT alveoli

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Residual volume

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The air that never leaves the lungs-if it did they would collapse

Front 36

Inspiratory reserve volume

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Inspiratory is referring to inspired air

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Expiratory reserve volume

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Volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

Front 38

Primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of

Back 38

Carbon dioxide

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Dilate

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Open

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Constrict

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