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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abundance |
the number of individuals in a population |
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Accomodation |
the process by which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus light on the retina in objects from different distances |
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Action Potential |
A change in the electrical/membrane potential of an axon as an impulse travels along the axon |
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Active Acquired Immunity |
Immunity developed naturally or artificially through exposure to a live pathogen |
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Adaptation |
A characteristic or genetic change that an organism possesses that increases the chances of survival to reproduce |
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Agent |
A pathogen that causes disease |
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Age-standardised Rate |
An incidence measure calculated as if the population had a standard age structure |
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Allele |
Variant of a gene |
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Allele Frequency |
A measure of how common an allele is in a population |
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Alternation of Generations |
Alternation of sexual and asexual as a normal part of a plant’s life cycle |
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Anaemia |
A condition caused by deficiency of iron in diet, resulting in pale skin, weakness, unusual tiredness, low resistance to cold temperature |
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Analytical Study |
The statistical analysis of data to test a specific hypothesis |
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Androgens |
Male hormones that control the development and functioning of male sex organs and secondary sex organs |
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Aneuploidy |
An abnormally where one or more copies of an entire chromosome is either added or removed |
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Animal Husbandry |
The science of breeding and caring for farm animals |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Severe undernutrition characterised by psychological disorders, excessive weight loss and distorted body image |
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Anther |
Top part of a stamen, the male reproductive organ in a flower that produced pollen |
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Antibiotics |
A group of substances that kill bacteria or slow their growth |
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Antibody (Immunoglobulin) |
A type of blood protein produced by the immune system in response to a specific pathogen in order to neutralise it |
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Anticodon |
Three unpaired based at one end of tRNA |
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Antigen |
A molecule capable of inducing an immune response |
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Antimicrobial Agent |
A substance that kills or inhibits microorganisms |
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Antiviral Medication |
Medication used to inhibit but not kill a viral infection |
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Apomixis |
A form of asexual reproduction in which new plantlets are produced without fertilisation |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Artificial Insemination |
Reproductive technique where sperm are transferred into a vagina without copulation to introduce desirable characteristics |
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Artificial Pollination |
Deliberate transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another or the same flower to ensure the selection of desirable traits |
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Ascertainment Bias |
Information bias where all members of a study are not equally followed up |
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Asexual Reproduction |
Not involving the fusion of gametes, only one parent cell involves, produced identical offspring |
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Assimilation |
The conversion of simple molecules into more complex molecules that then form cell structures |
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Atherosclerosis |
Hardening of the arteries |
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Auditory Nerve |
Nerve that carries electrochemical impulses from receptor cells in the cochlear to the brain |
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Autoimmune Disease |
A disease in which the body produces antibodies against its own tissues |
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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance |
A pattern of inheritance in which an affected individual has one copy of a mutant gene and one normal gene on a pair of autosomal chromosomes, and the mutant gene is expressed |
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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance |
A pattern of inheritance in which an individual must have two copies of the mutant gene in order for it to be expressed |
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Axon |
A single, long extension of the cytoplasm of the cell body that conduct messages away from the cell body |
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Bacteriophage |
A virus that infects bacteria and reproduces inside them |
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Base Substitution |
One nucleotide base is replaced by a different base, which could result in a different amino acid being added to a polypeptide chain |
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Behavioural |
Relating to the way an organism behaves |
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Benign Tumour |
A non-cancerous tumour where the cancer cells remain within the tumours boundary |
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Bi-allelic |
A gene with two possible alleles or variations |
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Binary Fission |
An asexual reproduction process involving the division of a eukaryotic cell into two - typical of unicellular organisms such as bacteria |
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Biological Mutagen |
A mutation agent in the form of a living organism such as a virus or bacteria |
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Bivalent |
A homologous pair of chromosomes aligned early in meiosis that cross over to cause genetic diversity |
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Bone Conduction Implant |
An implanted microphone that converts sound into vibrations in the skull transferred directly to the inner ear |
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Bone Conduction Implant |
An implanted microphone that converts sound into vibrations in the skull transferred directly to the inner ear |
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Bottleneck Effect |
Genetic drift that occurs as a result of a natural disaster |
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Bt cotton |
A transgenic insect-resistant plant genetically engineered by Monsanto that produces a protein toxic to bollworm |
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Budding |
An asexual reproduction process where part of an adult organism divided by mitosis and produces a small bud, which develops into a new individual |
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Bulimia Nervosa |
A condition caused by psychological, environmental and cultural factors where the sufferer is fixated on body image and demonstrated abnormal eating behaviours |
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Capsid |
A protein shell that protects a virus |
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Carcinogenic |
Cancer causing |
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Carcinogenic |
Cancer causing |
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Carcinoma |
Cancer that forms in epithelial tissue |
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Carrier |
An individual not affected by a defective allele but still has the defect in their genome and can pass it onto their offspring; an organism affected by a pathogen without showing external signs |
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Case-control Study |
A study based on the comparison of individuals where one group does and the other does not have the disease |
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Case-control Study |
A study based on the comparison of individuals where one group does and the other does not have the disease |
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens in the eye, reducing the transmission of light |
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Cell Cycle |
A repetitive sequence of cell division and enlargement including mitosis and interphase |
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Cell-mediated Response |
An immune response involving cytotoxic T cells that eliminates intracellular pathogens |
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Central Nervous System |
The brain and the spinal cord |
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Centrometre |
Part of a chromosome that holds together newly formed sister chromatids |
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Checkpoint Inhibitor |
A type of drug that blocks normal proteins on cancer cells and acts as an ‘off switch’ to keep at cells from attacking self cells |
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Choroid |
The middle layer of the eye; the rear portion is black to reduce the scattering or reflection of light in the eye |
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Checkpoint Inhibitor |
A type of drug that blocks normal proteins on cancer cells and acts as an ‘off switch’ to keep at cells from attacking self cells |
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Choroid |
The middle layer of the eye; the rear portion is black to reduce the scattering or reflection of light in the eye |
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Chromosomal Deletion |
A mutation that arises when a section of DNA is removed and not replaced, leading to the removal of a section of a chromosome |
