Biology Final Exam

Front 1

What is a lipid?

Back 1

a term for carbon-containing compounds that are found in organisms and are largely non polar and hydrophobic, meaning that they do not dissolve readily in water.

Front 2

What is a lipid bilayer?

Back 2

is created when two sheets of lipid molecules align.

Front 3

Why do they form a bilayer?

Back 3

So the hydrophilic "points out" and the hydrophobic "points in"

Front 4

What influences the permeability and fluidity of a membrane?

Back 4

Saturation

Length of Fatty Acid Chain

Presence or absence of sterols

Front 5

What can diffuse through a lipid bilayer?

Back 5

Some molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 6

Proteins are sorted to specific locations in cells because...

Back 6

of signals built right into the primary structure of the protein

Front 7

Reactant:

Back 7

substance that undergoes change in a reaction

Front 8

Product:

Back 8

outcome of a reaction

Front 9

Endergonic:

Back 9

requires the absorption of energy, requires more free energy

Front 10

Exergonic:

Back 10

the release of energy

Front 11

Activation Energy:

Back 11

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Front 12

What do proteins as catalysts of chemical reactions do?

Back 12

lower activation energy by binding substrate (lock and key specificity) and stabilizing transition state

Front 13

pyruvate processing (mitochondria):

Back 13

under both positive and negative control.

Large supplies of products inhibit the enzyme complex; large supplies of reactants and low supplies of products stimulate it.

Front 14

Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis:

Pigments to harness solar energy

Back 14

Chlorophyll

Front 15

Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis:

Photosystems covert light energy to chemical potential energy

Back 15

http://www.matsuk12.us/cms/lib/ak01000953/centricity/domain/3119/topic_3_answers.pdf

Front 16

Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle):

Rubisco helps "fix" carbon

Back 16

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis: the addition of a molecule of CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate.

Front 17

What goes in during the Calvin Cycle?

Back 17

CO2

Front 18

What goes out during the Calvin Cycle?

Back 18

ATP and NADHP

Front 19

How does mitosis differ from meiosis?

Back 19

Daughter cells produced by meiosis, which are haploid (1n), contain only half of the genetic material of the parent cell (one homolog from a chromosome pair). Daughter cells produced by mitosis, which are diploid (2n),

Front 20

How does crossing over during prophase I produce some variability in gametes?

Back 20

Because the chromatids separate in unique ways resulting in different genes

Front 21

Sex linkage:

Back 21

an association between genes in sex chromosomes such that the characteristics determined by these genes appear more frequently in one sex than in the other.

Front 22

dihybrid cross

Back 22

both heterozygous for two traits

Front 23

monohybrid cross

Back 23

parents that carry two different genetic determinants for the same trait

Front 24

primase:

Back 24

an enzyme that synthesizes a short stretch of RNA to use as a primer during DNA replication.

Front 25

helicase:

Back 25

an enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between nucleotides of DNA, "unzipping" a double-stranded DNA molecule

Front 26

topoisomerase:

Back 26

an enzyme that prevents the twisting of DNA ahead of the advancing replication fork by cutting the DNA, allowing it to unwind, and rejoining it.

Front 27

Single-Strand-Binding-Proteins:

Back 27

A protein that attaches to separated strands of DNA during replication or transcription, preventing them from re-forming a double helix.

Front 28

Polymerase:

Back 28

an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

Front 29

Ligase:

Back 29

an enzyme that joins pieces of DNA by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the pieces.

Front 30

Leading strand:

Back 30

the stand of new DNA that is synthesized in one continuous piece.

Front 31

Lagging Strand:

Back 31

the strand of new DNA that is synthesized discontinuously in a series of short pieces that are later joined.

Front 32

Okasaki fragments:

Back 32

short segments of DNA produced during replication of the lagging strand template. (make up lagging strand)

Front 33

Gene:

Back 33

a section of DNA that encodes information for building one or more related polypeptides or functional RNA molecules along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription.

Front 34

? >>> ? >>> ?

Back 34

DNA >>> RNA >>> Protein

Front 35

genetic code

Back 35

the set of all codons and their meaning

Front 36

triplets

Back 36

a code in which a word of three letters encodes on piece of information. The genetic code is a triplet code because a codon is three nucleotides long and encodes one amino acid.

Front 37

Mutation:

Back 37

any change in the hereditary material of an organism.

Front 38

Silent Mutation:

Back 38

a point mutation that changes the sequence of a codon without changing the amino acid that is specified

Front 39

missense mutation:

Back 39

a point mutation that changes one amino acid for another within the sequence of a protein

Front 40

nonsense mutation:

Back 40

a point mutation that converts an amine-acid-specifying codon into a stop codon.

Front 41

frameshift mutation:

Back 41

the addition or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence that shifts the reading frame of the mRNA

Front 42

transcription:

Back 42

the process that uses a DNA template to produce a complementary RNA

Front 43

translation:

Back 43

the process by which a polypeptide is synthesized from information on codons of messenger RNA

Front 44

What enzyme does transcription begin with?

Back 44

RNA polymerase

Front 45

splicing

Back 45

the process by which introns are removed from primary RNA transcripts and the remaining eons are connected together.

Front 46

exon

Back 46

a transcribed region of a eukaryotic gene or region of a primary transcript that is retained in the mature RNA.

Front 47

intron

Back 47

a region of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA but is later removed.

Front 48

c

Back 48

c