Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where are fossils found?
|
sedimentary rock
|
|
|
Strata
|
A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.
|
|
|
Evolution
|
A change in gene frequencies of a population over time
|
|
|
Fitness
|
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of next generation relative to other individuals
Ex AA have 10 offspring fitness of 1 aa have 4 offspring have fitness of .4 |
|
|
Population
|
A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding
|
|
|
Gene Pool
|
The total genes of a population at a particular time
|
|
|
Directional Selection (Dark mice live in chimneys while white mouse are easily spotted and killed)
|
Favors A or C of curve of variation
|
|
|
A patchy area shows that only dark and white mice survive in this area. (A & C of the curve of variation are favored)
|
Disruptive Selection
|
|
|
Stabilizing Selection (little change in environment over a long period of time)
|
Favoring B of the curve of variation
|
|
|
Similarities in function due to common decent of ancestor is called...
|
Homology
|
|
|
Analogous
|
Similar in function but not structure, and do not come from a common ancestor
|
|
|
Selection based on attractiveness to opposite sex is called...
|
Sexual selection
|
|
|
Sexual dimorphism
|
Males and females have different shapes
|
|
|
The________ ________ is when a population size is reduced for at least one generation and genetic variation is reduced
|
Bottleneck Effect
|
|
|
The founder effect is when....
|
A small % of population migrates to a new area
|
|
|
A __________ is a continuous variation of a character over geographic space.
|
Cline
|
|
|
A group of related species that includes an ancestor and all its descendant species is a......
|
Clade
|
|
|
Parsimony
|
Simple explanation first, the one that requires the least # of evolutionary changes to explain a relationship between a species
|
|
|
Molecular clock
|
A theoretical clock based on the assumption that the rates at which nucleotide (or amino acid) substitutions become fixed in evolutionary lineages is approximately constant for a given DNA sequence (or polypeptide chain) and reflects the time since data diverged.
|
|
|
When two species develop due to living in two separate areas preventing gene flow
|
Allopatric Speciation
|
|
|
When two species develop in the same area, and do not interbreed
|
Sympatric Speciation
|
|
|
Genetic exchange between populations resulting from the dispersal of gametes, zygotes or individuals ( will level out differences)
|
Gene Flow
|
|
|
Endosymbiotic theory:
|
Explains the existence of mitochondria and plastids within eukaryotic cells. Endosymbiosis is a process in which a host cell engulfs another cell which lives and becomes an organelle within it
|
|
|
The universe began _____ BYA
|
13.7
|
|
|
Earth began _____bya
|
4.6
|
|
|
life began...
|
3.8 bya
|
|
|
For every 1 billion antimatter there is ______________ matter, this small amount is what the visible universe is composed of
|
1 billion + 1
|
|
|
The universe began with ___% H and __% He
|
75;25
|
|
|
Fision
|
is the breaking down of an element into smaller ions. This energy release is smaller than that of fusion
|
|
|
The fusing of atoms into an element is called__________. This releases much greater than fision.
|
Fusion
|
|
|
Cenozoic Period began ______ mya and was the age of the ____________
|
65; mammals and flowers. Began after great extinction
|
|
|
The mesozoic period began ____mya and was the age of the _____________
|
250; reptiles. Began after formation of pangea which caused a massive extinction due to rising water levels and isolation from water
|
|
|
Paleozoic period began ____mya and was the beginning of the ________ explosion
|
540; cambrian
|
|
|
______________ are Responsible for the oxygen in the atmoshpere
|
cyanobacteria (aerobic bacteria)
|
|
|
Progression of complexity in organisms is due to
|
rising oxygen levels
|
|
|
Todays oxygen level is at ___%
|
20
|
|
|
The 5 different species of volvox give insight to...
|
How multicellularity might have developed
|
|
|
Dictyostelium is a (2n,n) celled eukaryote that piles on top of each other to form a flower like structure whose (Stalk, Base, Bud) goes on to become spores and reproduce through meiosis
|
n; bud
|
|
|
Ancestor of plants is likely to be ________ and can be seen through look at the _______, _________, and _________
|
Green algae; DNA sequences, types of chlorophyll, plant structures
|
|
|
Plants have __ tissue layers, the ______,______, and _______
|
3; dermal, ground, vascular
|
|
|
The Dermal is the ________ of a plant. The ground is the _________ of a plant, and the vascular is the___________ of a plant.
|
Outer covering; support (hardened cells and place of photosynthesis); place of circulation
|
|
|
Plant is composed of ______ and _____ tissue, and it grows through space.
|
old, new
|
|
|
The _______ of a plant is its embryonic tissue where growth occurs
|
meristems
|
|
|
Why is it that if you were to carve something into a tree and come back many year later, it would be found at the same height?
|
Because the vascular cambium and cork cambium grows wide, not tall. Height is achieved through the apical meristems
|
|
|
___________ are extensions of the plasma membrane of dermal cells
|
root hairs
|
|
|
The cortex is part of the ________ tissue
|
ground
|
|
|
At the zone of ________ cells reach functional maturity
|
differentiation
|
|
|
At the zone of ________ most of the lengthening of the roots occurs
|
elongation
|
|
|
mitosis at the tip of roots is concentrated in the zone of _________
|
division
|
|
|
The _________ _________ is a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem, and is constantly maintained by__________as cells slough off
|
root cap; apical meristems
|
|
|
Apical dominance.....
|
terminal bud that inhibits growth of other buds through hormone.
|
|
|
axillary buds are
|
meristems cells left behind
|
|
|
What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?
|
Chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata, and a central vacuole, and MTOC with no centriole
|
|
|
Cell wall is made of ________ and can harden with __________
|
cellulose; lignin
|
|
|
Central Vacuole has its own __________ and can hold _________ or _________
|
plasma membrane; water, pigment
|
|
|
Plasmodesmata are
|
tiny channels between cells like gap junctions that only allow small molecules through
|
|
|
Plant cells dont have
|
lysosome, centrioles, flagella
|
|
|
Two types of vascular tissue
|
Xylem and Phloem
|
|
|
Xylem has (one or two) direction of flow and transports water and minerals from ______ to ________
|
one; roots, shoots
|
|
|
Xylem is composed of _______ cells
|
dead
|
|
|
Phloem is ______ and has a companion cell keeping it this way. It transports water and sugar in a ___ directional flow from _________
|
alive;2;leaves to rest of plant
|
|
|
The companion cell...
|
feeds nutrients and proteins to seive tube member
|
|
|
Meristems can become _______ which is their climax and causes them to lose eternal youth
|
flowers
|
|
|
Flowers are scrunched in ______ which forms four rings separated by _______whose outer ring is the _______ second ring is _______ third ring is _______ and inner ring is _______
|
nodes; internodes; sepal (little green leaves), petals (colored leaves), stamen (male part), carpel (female part)
|
|
|
The flowers structure (what nodes become) is determined by _________ produced by __________
|
Transcription factors; homeotic genes
|
|
|
a leaf is _________ cell layers thick
|
multiple
|
|
|
Skin of leaf is part of the ________ tissue and secretes ______ to water proof the leaf
|
dermal; wax
|
|
|
Guard cells are part of the ________ tissue layer and they.......
|
dermal; regulate gas and water exchange in leaf. they are light sensitive
|
|
|
Stomata are..... and are controlled by
|
in leaver and are where gas and water exchange occur; guard cells
|
|
|
Guard cells open and close stomata by
|
filling and emptying of water
|
|
|
Water enters guard cells by
|
pumping K+ into them, this increases concentration causing water to diffuse in. Diffusing K+ out has the same effect
|
|
|
If it's really hot outside, guard cells will (open, close) to....
|
close to prevent water loss
|
|
|
If it is sunny outside but not too hot guard cells will
|
open to do photsynthesis by up taking CO2
|
|
|
Parenchyma are found in the ______ tissue of the leaf and have large numbers of _________
|
ground; chloroplasts to do most of the metabolic functions
|
|
|
Plant grows upward from
|
shoot apical meristem at its upper tips
|
|
|
Downwards growth in plants happens through
|
root apical meristems
|
|
|
Plant gets fatter from
|
lateral meristem
|
|
|
stem cells of the vascular cambium produce________ cells in the inside and ________ cells to the outside
|
xylem; phloem
|
|
|
As xylem accumulates in the inside of the vascular cambium it becomes
|
hardened by lignin to form heartwood
|
|
|
Bark falls off so more ______ is produced to replace it
|
phloem
|
|
|
early in the year xylem cells have a (wider, smaller) diameter and at the end of the year it has a (wider, smaller) diameter
|
wider; smaller
|
|
|
older phloem becomes _______ cambium
|
cork
|
|
|
plants can control their direction of growth through ________________ secreted through cell walls
|
cellulose fibers
|
|
|
Cross links can be strengthened and weakened with
|
polysaccarides
|
|
|
flowers gather their info in _______ rather than through nervous system
|
genes
|
|
|
molecular homologies:
|
similarity of protein or dna reflects distance of time that 2 species separated from each other
|
|
|
Radio Carbon dating
|
used to date how old something is based on the state of the carbon (uses half life)
|
|
|
Gene duplication is a mistake that happens during...... and _________ are genes that jump
|
crossing over of ; transposons
|
|
|
Three domains of life are
|
eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archae
|
|
|
_______________ is a base triplet that will code for same A.A from bacteria to us
|
genetic code
|
|
|
All land plants have
|
alternation of generations
|
|
|
_____ is not yet sperm, but a multicellelar gametophyte organism
|
Pollen
|
|
|
Pollen is made in the_________ the male part of the flower
|
stamen
|
|
|
The _______ is where the flower produces its eggs (ovule)
|
carpel
|
|
|
Within the pollen sac there is a 2n ___________ which divides into four n ___________
|
microsporophyte; microspores
|
|
|
each grain of pollen is composed of _________ and __________
|
tube cell; generative cell
|
|
|
Pollen grain will break open so that ________ will grow to ________ of flower
|
tube; ovules
|
|
|
Generative cell does _________ to make ____ sperm cells
|
mitosis, two
|
|
|
The two sperm cells created from generative cell travel down tube. _____ will fertilize egg and other goes to _____________ to form __________
|
one, 2n polar nuclei, 3n endosperm
|
|
|
female ovule is (n,2n) and contains a 2n cell that undergoes meiosis to form 4 n cells called _________ which only one will survive to undergo mitosis and form a total of 8 cells where 2 are _______, and 1_____
|
2n; megaspore; polar nuclei; egg
|
|
|
The 3n endosperm is important for plant because
|
it provides nutrients for the "baby"
|
|
|
The fruit is composed of.... and comes from
|
fertilized egg (seed with endosperm); parent 2n tissue (OVUM)
|
|
|
Seed coat is made up of ________ 2n tissue
|
parent
|
|
|
The suspensor is like an umbilical chord that
|
dispenses endosperm to embryo
|
|
|
A eudicot has ____ seed leaves
|
two
|
|
|
The first cell divisions of the embryo determine its
|
symmetry
|
|
|
Seed wall can dehydrate and go ________ as it waits for right signals from ________,________ etc...
|
dormant; water, temperature
|
|
|
Monocots have only
|
1 seed leaf
|
|
|
Cotyledons(seed leaves)
|
store nutrients from endosperm and then pump it into the body fo the plant causing them to shrivel. They do not perform photosynthesis
|
|
|
Monocots and eudicots differ in
|
vein structure, structure of roots and flower parts and also germination
|
|
|
In dicots, the _____ is first to emerge, bent. In monocots the _______ is first to emerge and single leaf emerges through sheath after soil is broken
|
stem;sheath
|
|
|
When all variables are right for seed coat to be revived
|
a hormone is released in seed to activate enzyme alpha amylase
|
|
|
Alphay amylase
|
breaks down starches in endosperm to sugars to be fed to young plant
|
|
|
The ______ (young root) is first to emerge
|
radicle
|
|
|
Foliage leaves are the ____ leaves
|
true
|
|
|
overlapping of A and B determines
|
Petals
|
|
|
overlapping of B and C determines
|
Stamen
|
|
|
C by itself is the
|
carpel
|
|
|
A by itself is the
|
sepal
|
|
|
Plan and animal genes are not (analogous,homologous)
|
homologous
|
|
|
Plants are ________ which means they make their own nutrients
|
autotrophs
|
|
|
plants do not do _______ to make their tissue layers as animals do. Instead they are formed from merismatic cells
|
gastrulate
|
|
|
Because of this the plant cell cannot migrate
|
cell wall
|
|
|
plant development is _______ not hierarchical as animal development
|
modular (colony of meristems)
|
|
|
Two ways a water can enter plant roots are through
|
symplastic route; apoplastic route
|
|
|
Symplastic route water enters through ______ and then transfers from cell to cell via ______ through cytoplasm to get to ______ where xylem vessels are at the center of the root
|
aquaporins; plasmodesmata; stele
|
|
|
Apoplastic route water and minerals seep through _____ _____ and travels until it hits the ________ ________ which forces water to go through P.membrane in order to get filtered
|
cell wall; casparian strip
|
|
|
mycorrhizae are
|
fungus that wraps around the root
|
|
|
the relationship between plants and mycorrhizae is __________ because...
|
symbiotic; it increases surface area of roots while it gets sugar from the roots
|
|
|
Because of ______ _______ water is able to move through plant roots as _________ provides an upward force
|
water properties; evaporation (transpiration)
|
|
|
Describe transport of sugar and water in phloem in steps:
|
1.H+ gradient gets built up using ATP powered proton pump
2. an H+ gradient is built up and powers co-transporter 3. simultaneously, co-transporter is pumping H+ in along with sucrose 4.Due to high pressure in sieve tube, water flows in from source cell and xylem vessel building up a high pressure in top of phloem 5.Towards end of phloem, as H+ and Sucrose are being pumped out through active transport into sink cell, causing concentration to lower within the sieve cell making water diffuse out as well. This causes the pressure to drop in phloem and increase in sink cell 6. this difference in pressure (bulk flow) is what directs flow in phloem |
|
|
__________ production is the amount of light energy capture by photosynthesis into chemical bonds
|
primary
|
|
|
The curvature of earth causes _______ variation in the intensity of sunlight
|
latitudinal
|
|
|
Idea behind trophic pyramid is
|
small percentage of energy gets transferred as we go up from primary producers to tertiary consumers
|
|
|
darwins finches on the galapagos islands showed an example of ecological ________ and on the largest island showed ________
|
niches; character displacement
|
|
|
Competitive Exclusion
|
two species could never have the same niches because one will out compete the other
|
|
|
Equilibrium number of species
|
How many species that the environment can support without everybody crashing
|
|
|
The Chthamalus barnacle lived in ______ tide while the Balanus lived in ______ tide. This is an example of
|
High; Low; competitive exclusion
|
|
|
Ocean has largest total __________
|
production
|
|
|
______ have highest rate of production
|
rain forest
|
|
|
A palatible species mimicking a poisonous species is an example of
|
batesian mimicry
|
|
|
A convergence of poisonous species on a common patter (i.e bright colors, patterns) is an example of
|
Mullerian Mimicry
|
|
|
The total number of different species in a community of organisms is species _______
|
richness
|
|
|
A community is
|
the total species in a habitat
|
|
|
Final population is found through the convergence of
|
immigration and extinction
|
|
|
A large/near island will have (High,low) extinction and (high, low) immigration
|
low; high
|
|
|
A small island/far will have (high, low) extinction and (high, low) immigration
|
High; low
|
|
|
Group 3 (clams or oysters) have (high, low) early mortality and (high,low) parental care along with (high, low) number of offspring
|
high; low; high
|
|
|
Group 2 and 1 (mammals or humans) have (high, low) infant mortality with (long,short) lifespans with (high,low) number of offspring and give (high, low) parental care
|
low; long; low; high
|
|
|
Population levels off due to
|
density dependent factors
|
|
|
Population will level off at
|
(k) carrying capacity
|
|
|
Density dependent factors regulate population size. Some factors are :
|
resources(runout), territory, predation, sickness, waste
|
|
|
root hair
|
absorbs minerals and water from soil
|
|
|
2 strategies for dealing with changing environment:
|
1. Build many oganisms with short development times and select the variants best suited to meet new conditions
2. Build fewer organisms with behavioral versatility that can respond to changes in the environment. (high information content) |
|
|
Semelparity is the
|
potential for young and adults to survive
|
|
|
Salmon put off reproduction for one big event, then die. They do this due to the fact that adults have great potential to die. This type of reproduction is called
|
BIG BANG reproduction
|
|
|
Humans and many mammals do this kind of reproduction since they have a better chance at living longer
|
Iteroparity
|
|
|
With experiments on kestrels (hawks) what was determined? what did this prove?
|
That a less number of young meant that the parents would live longer. That parents invest energy and resources choosing survival of their young over themselves
|
|
|
What did the diagram on population dynamics show?
|
That there is more prey than predator. and that predator decline is slightly after preys decline
|
|
|
Earth's atmosphere is composed of __% oxygen __% nitrogen and less than __% CO2
|
21; 78; 1
|
|
|
Mass extinctions seem to correlate with (low,high) sea levels
|
low
|
|
|
More than __% of species that have ever lived are now extinct, yet we live in a period of _______ species diversity
|
99; maximum
|
|
|
Major cause of extinction today
|
human disturbance of natural habitats
|
|
|
from beginning to of humans to year ______ 1/2 bill people in population arised
|
1650
|
|
|
from 1650 to today population has risen from 1/2 billion to ______ and it is predicted that by 2020 it will be ______ and by 2050 it will be _____. This shows that
|
6.5 billion; 8.5 bill; 10 bill; we are reaching the carrying capacity of the logistic curve
|
|
|
Present day population growth
|
1 USA every 3 yrs
|
|
|
when birth rate= death rate
|
zero pop growth
|
|
|
The graphs of mexico and sweden show....
|
That they have reached or are reaching ZPG
|
|
|
Mexico and sweden reaching ZPG is due to
|
going from rural to developed. From having lots of children to little number of children
|
|
|
The age structure pyramid of afghanistan shows ________ of US shows __________ of italy shows _____
|
high pop growth; slow pop growth; ZPG
|
|
|
population in the past 50 yrs has ________ from ________ to ______. and water usage has ________
|
doubled; 3bill to 6.5 bill; tripled
|
|
|
It takes ___ liters of water to grow ___kg of wheat and _______liters to produce a kilo of beef
|
1000; 1; 15000
|
|
|
China ate ___ kg of meat/yr. This year they will eat approx. ___ kg equaling _____ liters of water
|
20;50;1 trillion
|
|
|
Two populations that live in different areas is an example of __________ under ___________ reproductive barriers
|
Habitat isolation; pre-zygotic
|
|
|
when two species are active at different times keeping them from breeding is called _________ isolation. A _________ reproductive barrier
|
temporal; pre-zygotic
|
|
|
Behavioral Isolation is when.... and is an example of
|
two species have different courtship rituals keeping them from mating. Prezygotic reproductive barrier
|
|
|
Mechanical isolation is when.... and is an example of
|
Genetalia don't fit; pre zygotic reproductive barrier
|
|
|
Lock and Key fit of receptors of sperm and egg dont match up is an example of _________, a ________ reprod. barrier
|
gamete isolation; prezygotic
|
|
|
If two species are able to mate, but the hybrid is weak and not a good competitor causing it to die off
|
a post zygotic barrier called reduced hybrid viability
|
|
|
When a hybrid is strong but sterile
|
Reduced hybrid fertility a post zygotic barrier
|
|
|
Hybrid breakdown
|
A post zygotic barrier where two hybrids are able to mate, but their offspring is weak or sterile
|
|
|
Many phenotypic character are determined by more than one pair of genes (skin color) is an example of
|
polygenic inhertiance
|
|
|
pleiotropy ex (cycstic fibrosis effects lungs digestion and gland secretion)
|
a gene can have multiple effects
|
|
|
Incomplete dominance
|
when both alleles contribute to the outcome
|
|
|
First and second bases define amino acids. The last base...
|
doesnt matter so much and can vary more
|
|
|
Gene duplication can result in...
|
one chromosome gaining 2 sets of a gene while the other has none
|
|
|
gene duplication is a mutation that occurs at the ________ level
|
chromosomal
|
|
|
Transposons are
|
parasitic DNA elements
|
|
|
beta globin ____ rate
|
slows
|
|
|
embryo hemoglobin differs than adults because
|
it has a higher affinity for O2
|
|
|
___ region of the flu virus is where most variation occurs
|
H
|
|
|
Archae bacteria have no ______ but some ___ and introns which are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes
|
nucleus; genes
|
|
|
Species is composed of ____ which is capitalized and the name of the species which is lower cased. It is always written in
|
genus; italics
|
|
|
Class:_____:family:_____:Species
|
Order; Genus
|
|
|
in root ___ cells continually go through mitosis to form more ___ cells
|
2n for both
|
|
|
r selection favors (slow,rapid) development, (early, delayed) reproduction, (large,small) body sizes, (single, repeated) reproduction, (many-smaller, fewer-larger) offspring
|
rapid; slow; small; single; many-smaller
|
|
|
r selection organisms are density (dependent, independent)
|
independent
|
|
|
Innovations from formation of pangea
|
reptiles and their amniotic egg which is independent of water. And scales which helps animal to stay moist
|
|
|
Pangea was split into two land masses called ___ and ____ during the mesozoic period (250mya)
|
laurasia; gondwana
|
|
|
Tree dwelling salamanders keeping webbing while ground salamanders webbing has been removed through apoptosis is an example of
|
heterochrony
|
|
|
protist is _____ celled and can act as....
|
single; both animals and plants
|
|
|
universe starts with two simplest elements ____ and ____
|
hydrogen; helium
|
|
|
elements are fused together until the element ____
|
iron
|
|
|
Xylem (stele) is surrounded by protective layer called _____
|
casperian strip
|
|
|
___________ is the ultimate screen that decides what gets into the plant
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
the purpose of the Casperian strip is
|
to force water through plasma membrane in order to be screened (filtered) before entering stele
|
