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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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development
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A significant event, occurrence, or change.
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sex-linked
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transmission of a trait controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome (one pair)
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recessive
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an allele of a gene pair that is not expressed while the other member of the pair is expressed
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embryonic stage
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a prenatal stage of development after germ layers form but before the rudiments of all organs are present
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primary germ layers
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three layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and extoderm) of embryonic cells that develop into specific tissues and organs
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programmed cell death
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a built in cell suicide mechanism essential for growth of fingers and toes
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gastrula
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embryonic stage following the blastula; cells differentiate into three layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and the ectoderm
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teratogans
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a chemical or other environmental agent that causes a birth defect
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autosomes
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a chromosome other than a sex chromosome (22 of them)
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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a procedure that borrows a cell's mechanism for DNA replication allowing researchers to make many copies of a gene of interest
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dominant
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the member of a gene pair that is expressed while its allele is not expressed
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Punnent Square
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a way to figure out what traits the child will have from the parents
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genotype
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the combination of genes present within a zygote or within the cells of an individual (boy or girl)
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glial cells
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tissure in brain that produces miolin (coating over sheath of neurons; supporting tissue; aids in communication) aids in communication; neuron supporting cell...if becomes a tumor it is gliomas which is a type of cancer(half of brain tumors reported are glioma)
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cell specialization
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process by which cells develop defferent structures and specailized functions
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tumor suppressor genes
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helps to slow or stop the production of proteins that cause cancer...stops cell division
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differentiation
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cell specialization (process by which cells develop different structures and specialized functions)
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phenotype
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the appearance of an individual due to the action of a particular set of genes (tells the person's appearance)
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totipotent cell
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does not differentiate; potential to form any organ
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pluripotent cell
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potentially differentiate into any blood cell or platelet producing cell
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stem cell
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pluripotent cell (blood cell)
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embryonic disk
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a flattened area in the cleavage embryo from which the embryo arises
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blastema cells
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unspecialized; lost or never had specialized nature; can regain identity; don't have to have any mutations
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proto-oncogenes or ras-oncogenes
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pre-cancer cells help to undertand when to grow and divide vs. when time to rest and relax; surface protein - "on/off switch"; growth factor turns in "on", if mutated in becomes an oncogene
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cancer cells
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lost specialized nature; can't regain identity; mutations required in many genes to be able to form
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allele
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different forms of a gene
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oncogenes
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cancerous cells; a gene that normall y controls cell division but when overexpressed leads to cancer
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