Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are 2 other features common to most animals in the Phylum Chordata?
|
*Muscles are arranged in segmented blocks called somites
*An internal skeleton against which the muscles work |
|
|
What group of animals is in the Subphylum Urochordata?
|
*Sea squirts
*Salps *Larvaceans |
|
|
What is the tunic of sea squirts of Subphylum Urochordata?
|
Cellulose sac of strong, flexible outer covering
|
|
|
What group of animals is in the Subphylum Cephalochordata?
|
Lancelets
|
|
|
What are the 5 features found in all Subphylum Vertebrata?
|
*Vertebral colunm
*Cranium *Endoskeleton *Neural crest *Internal organs |
|
|
What are the 7 features common all fishes?
|
*Vertebral column
*Jaws *Paired appendages *Internal gills *Single-loop blood circulation *Nutritional deficiencies *Ectotherms |
|
|
What group of fishes is in the Superclass Agnatha?
|
Hagfishes and lampreys
|
|
|
What is the lateral line system of fishes?
|
Series of senory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves
|
|
|
What is the swim bladder of fishes?
|
A gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density
|
|
|
What is the operculum of fishes?
|
A hard plate covering gills
|
|
|
Which class gave rise to amphibians?
|
Class Sarcopterygii
|
|
|
What group of animals is in the Class Amphibia?
|
Frogs and Toads
|
|
|
What are the 5 features common to all Class Amphibia?
|
*Legs
*Lungs *Cutaneous respiration *Plumonary veins *Partially divided heart |
|
|
What are the 5 adaptations that had to occur in Class Amphibia to live on land?
|
*Legs to support the body
*Lungs to extract oxygen from air *Redesigned heart to drive larger muscles *Reproduction in H2O to prevent egg drying *System to prevent whole body desiccation |
|
|
What group of animals is in the Class Reptilia?
|
Lizards
|
|
|
What are the 3 features common to all Class Reptilia?
|
*Amniotic eggs
*Dry skin *Thorasic breathing |
|
|
What are the 4 membranes of the amniotic egg found in reptiles, birds, and mammals?
|
*Amnion
*Yolk sac *Allantois *Chorion |
|
|
Amnion
|
Fluid-filled cavity, contains amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo/fetus
|
|
|
Yolk sac
|
Provides food
|
|
|
Allantois
|
Excretes wates
|
|
|
Chorion
|
Allows O2 entry, may have shell surrounding the chorion
|
|
|
Anapsids
|
Skull with zero holes behind the eye orbital
|
|
|
Synapsids
|
Skull with one hole behind the eye orbital
|
|
|
Diapsids
|
Skull with two holes behind the eye orbital
|
|
|
Which of the Reptile skulls are included in most of Class Reptilia?
|
Diapsids
|
|
|
What are the 2 adaptations that occured in Class Reptilia further makin them different from Class Amphibia?
|
*Internal fertilization
*Improved circulation |
|
|
What group of animals are in the Class Aves?
|
Birds
|
|
|
What are the 2 features common to all Class Aves?
|
*Feathers
*Flight skeleton |
|
|
What are the 3 adaptations that occured in Class Aves further making them different for Class Reptilia?
|
*Efficient respiration
*Efficient circulation *Endothermic |
|
|
What are the 2 common features to all Mammalia?
|
*Hair
*Mammary glands |
|
|
What are the 4 adaptations that occured in some Class Mammalia further making them different for Class Reptilia?
|
*Placenta
*Specialized teeth *Digestion of plants *Developement of hooves and horns |
|
|
Ecology
|
Study of how organisms relate to one another and to thier environments
|
|
|
Abiotic
|
Non-living elements of the environment
|
|
|
4 or more abiotic factors which are key in the environment
|
Temp, water, sunlight, soil, wind, and pH
|
|
|
Comformers
|
Conform to the environment in which they live, their bodies adapting the temp, salinity, and other aspects of their surroundings
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
A steady state internal environment regardless of external environment
|
|
|
Endotherm
|
Maintain constant internal temp
|
|
|
Population
|
Groups of individuals of the same species in one place
|
|
|
Population range
|
Area throughout which a population occurs
*pattern of spacing of individuals *how population changes in size thorugh time |
|
|
Random spacing
|
Individuals do not interact strongly with one another, not common
|
|
|
Uniform spacing
|
Behavioral interactions, resource competition
|
|
|
Clumped spacing
|
Uneven distribution of resources, common in nature
|
|
|
Metapopulation
|
Collection of spatially divided subpopulations connected y gene flow
|
|
|
2 reasons why metapopulation may be at an adventage over a single popluation
|
*it occurs in areas in which suitable habitat id patchily distributed
*Separated by interventing stretches of unsuitable habitat |
|
|
Generation time
|
Average interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring
|
|
|
Life span
|
Related with generation time short generation time equals fast population growth rate, short life span
|
|
|
Age Structure
|
Determine by the # of individuals in a different age group
|
|
|
Cohort
|
Group of individuals of the same age
|
|
|
Fecundity
|
# of offspring produced in a standard time
|
|
|
Mortality
|
Death rate
|
|
|
Survivorship
|
% of an original population that survives to a given age
|
|
|
What is the survivorship curve?
|
Expresses some aspects of age distribution
|
|
|
Life histoy
|
Complete life cycle of an organism
|
|
|
What are the density-dependent effects?
|
Factors that affect the population and depends on population size
|
|
|
What are the density-independent effects?
|
The rate of growth of a population at any instantis limited by something unrelated to the size of the population
|
|
|
What is the Alee effect (Warder allee)?
|
Growth rates increases with population size ( positive-feedback)
|
|
|
k-selected population
|
Adapted to thrive when population is near its carry capacity
|
|
|
r-selected population
|
Selection favors individuals with the highest reproductive rated
|
|
|
Is the human population follwing an exponential ot logistic growth curve?
|
Exponetial
|
|
|
Is the human population a k-selected or a r-selected population?
|
k-selected population
|
|
|
Population Pyramid
|
A bar graph displaying the # of people in wach age category
|
|
|
Ecological footprint
|
Amount of productive land required to support an individual at the standard of living of a particular population through the course of his/her life
|
|
|
Community
|
All the organisms that live together on a specific place
|
|
|
Species richness
|
The # of speices present
|
|
|
Primary Productivity
|
The amount os energy produced
|
|
|
Individualist concept
|
H.A Gleason: a community is nothing more than an aggreation of species that happen to occur together at one place
|
|
|
Holistic concept
|
F.E. Clements: a community is an integrated unit, superorganim - more than the sum of its parts
|
|
|
Ecotone
|
Places where the environment changes abruptly
|
|
|
Niche
|
The total of all the ways an organism uses the resourse of its environment
|
|
|
Intersecific competition
|
Occurs when 2 species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both
|
|
|
Interference competition
|
Physical interaction occurs when competing over access to resources: fighting, defense of territory
|
|
|
Exploitative competition
|
Occurs when 2 species compete to consume the same resources
|
|
|
Fundamental niche
|
The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs
|
|
|
Realized niche
|
Actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population
|
|
|
What is the principle of competitive exclusion?
|
If 2 species are competing for a limited resource, the species that use the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally
|
|
|
Resource partitioning
|
Species that may divide up the resources
|
|
|
Character displacement
|
Differences in morphology evident between sympatric species
|
|
|
Predation
|
Consuming of one organism by another
|
|
|
How may predator-prey relationships lead to coevolution?
|
*Predation provides strong selective pressure on the pry population
*Features that decrease the probability of capture are strongly favored *Predator population counteradapt to continue eating the prey *Coevolution race may ensue |
|
|
4 adaptation prey may evolve to escape predation
|
*Chemical defenses
*Defensive coloration *Mimicry *Difficult structure to consume |
|
|
Symbiosis
|
Two or more knids of organisms interact in more-or-less permanent relationship
|
|
|
Commensalism
|
Benefits one species and is neutral to the other
|
|
|
Mutualism
|
Benefits both species
|
|
|
Parasitism
|
Benefits one species at the expense of another
|
|
|
How symbiotic relationship may lead to coevolution?
|
One will evolve and the other will coevolve to keep symbiotic relationship
|
|
|
Keystone species
|
Species whose effects on the composition of communities are existing greater than one might expect based on their abundance
|
|
|
Primary succession
|
Occurs on bare, lifeless substrate
|
|
|
Secondary succession
|
Occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed, but organisms still remain
|
|
|
Tolerance
|
Early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant of harsh conditions
|
|
|
Facilitation
|
Early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat. K-selected species repalce r-selected species
|
|
|
Inhibition
|
Changes in the habitat caused by one species inhabits the growth of the original species
|
|
|
After a disturbance in the environment, will r-selected species or k-selected species begin to repopulate the area first?
|
R-selected
|
|
|
Give 3 or more reasons why communities are constantly changing
|
*Climate changes
*Species invasions *Disturbance events |
|
|
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
|
Comunities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher level of species richness than communities experencing either little or great amounts of disturbance
|
|
|
What is the result of the intermediate disturbance hypthesis?
|
Patches of habitat will exist at different successional stages and may prevent and communities form reaching the final stages of succession
|
|
|
Ecosystem
|
Includes all the organisms that live in a paticular palce, plus the abiotic environment in which they live and interact
|
|
|
Biogoechemical cycles
|
Chemicals moving through ecosystems; biotic and abiotic
|
|
|
What is carbon fixation?
|
Metabolic reactions that make useable, nongaseous copounds form useable, gaseous
|
|
|
How are humans impacting the carbon cycle?
|
Creates large imbalances in the carbon cycle
|
|
|
Groundwater
|
Underground water
|
|
|
Aquifer
|
Permeable, underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel saturated with water
|
|
|
What is nitrogen fixation?
|
Synthesis the rate of transfer of N2 in useable forms into soils and water
|
|
|
Limiting nutrient
|
Weak link in an ecosystem, shortest supply relative to the needs of organisms
|
|
|
What are the limiting nutrients for plants?
|
Iron
|
|
|
Energy
|
The capacity to do work
|
|
|
4 forms of energy
|
*Light
*Chemical-bond energy *Motion *Heat |
|
|
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
|
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it changes form
|
|
|
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
|
When organisms use chemical-bond or light energy some is converted to heat; the universe is moving form more ordered & less stable to less ordered & more stable
|
|
|
What is the fundamental source of energy on Earth?
|
Radiant energy
|
|
|
Greenhouse effect
|
Natural heating of the Earth y greenhouse gases (water vapor, CO2, CH3, nitrous oxide, ozone, and CFC)
|
|
|
Global warming
|
Anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases
|
|
|
Photoautotrophs
|
Light as energy source
|
|
|
Chemoautotrophs
|
Energy from inorganic oxidation reactions
|
|
|
Heterotrophs
|
Cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic precursors
|
|
|
Trophic level
|
Which level an organism feeds at
|
|
|
Trophic levels in order from lowest to highest
|
Primary producers, herbivores, Primary carnivores, Secondary carnivores, and Detritivores
|
|
|
Productivity
|
The rate at which the organism in the trophic level collectively synthesize new organic matter
|
|
|
Primary productivity
|
Productivity of the primary producers
|
|
|
Secondary productivity
|
Productivity of a heterotroph trophic level
|
|
|
Respriation
|
Rate at which primary producers break down organic compounds
|
|
|
Gross primary productivity
|
Raw rate at which primary producers synthesize new orgainc matter
|
|
|
Net primary productivity
|
The GPP less the respriation of the primary producers
|
|
|
Standing crop biomas
|
Chief static properly of a population of trophic level; the amount of organic matter present at a particular time
|
|
|
Trophic casade
|
Procces by which effects exerted at an upper level flow down to influence two or more lower levels
|
|
|
Top-down effect
|
When effects flow down
|
|
|
Bottom-dowm effects
|
When effects flow up through a trophic chain
|
|
|
3 ecosystem charcterisrics which influence species richness
|
*Primar porductivity
*Habitat heterogeneity *Climate factors |
|
|
5 reason why tropical ecosystem have the highest diversity of ecosystem
|
*Evolutionary age of tropical regions
*Increase productivity *Satbility/constancy of conditions *Predation *Spatial heterogeneity |
|
|
Species-area relationship
|
A result of the effect of geographic area and isolation
|
|
|
What is the MacArther and Wilson equilibrium model?
|
Island species richness is a dynamic equilibrium between colonization and extinction
|
|
|
What is methane production?
|
Microbes that break down organic compounds by anaerobic cellular respiration provide an additional dimension to the carbon cycle
|
|
|
What does metane production produces?
|
Methanogens
|
|
|
What group of organisms produce methanogens?
|
Wetland
|
