Biology Exam 4

Front 1

Character:

Back 1

heritable feature that varies among individuals

Front 2

Trait:
2 Ex.:

Back 2

each variant for a character

White Petals and long stem.

Front 3

Homozygous:

Back 3

2 identical alleles for a gene controlling that character. AA or aa.

Front 4

Heterozygous:

Back 4

2 different alleles for a gene. Aa.

Front 5

Monohybrid Cross:

Back 5

A cross between heterozygotes

Front 6

Dihybrid Cross:

Back 6

A cross between heterozygotes with multiple traits

Front 7

Genotype:

Back 7

Genetic make-up

Front 8

Phenotype

Back 8

Expressed Traits.

Physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior.

Front 9

True-Breeding (homozygous):

Back 9

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

Front 10

P Generation:

Back 10

True-Breeding Parents

Front 11

F1 Generation:

Back 11

First generation of P generation.

Front 12

F2 Generation:

Back 12

Second Generation of P Generation

Front 13

Dominant Trait:

2 Examples

Back 13

Dominant allele.

Dark hair, brown eyes, purple petals

Front 14

Recessive:

2 Examples

Back 14

Recessive allele.

Blonde hair, blue eyes, white petals.

Front 15

Allele:

Back 15

Alternate versions of a gene.

Front 16

Complete Dominance:

1 Example:

Back 16

Phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

Brown eyes: BB, Bb

Front 17

Codominance:

1 Example:

Back 17

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Blood Type

Front 18

Incomplete Dominance:

1 Example

Back 18

The phenotype is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.

Ex. Red and white petals make pink petals.

Front 19

Carrier:

Back 19

Females who are heterozygous for such a trait who do not show said trait.

Front 20

Pleiotropy:

Back 20

Multiple phenotypic effects

Front 21

Epistasis:

Back 21

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus.

Front 22

Locus:

Back 22

A part of a chromosome that holds a specific trait.

Front 23

Quantitative Characters:

Back 23

Those that vary in the population along a continuum.

Ex. Skin color in humans

Front 24

Polygenetic Inheritance:

Back 24

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.

Front 25

Aneuploidy:

Back 25

Results from fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

Front 26

Trisomy:

Back 26

a zygote with three copies of a particular chromosome

Front 27

Monosomic:

Back 27

A zygote with one copy of a particular chromosome.

Front 28

Polyploidy:

Back 28

Condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Front 29

Imprinting:

Back 29

silencing of certain genes depending on which parent passes them on

Front 30

Nondisjunction:

Back 30

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

Front 31

Pedigree:

Back 31

A family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Front 32

2 Advantages to using peas for genetic research

Back 32

Short generation time, large numbers of offspring

Front 33

Law of Segregation

Back 33

Makes sure one trait comes from mother, the other comes from the father.

Front 34

Law of Independent Assortment:

Back 34

Alleles for one character segregate or are inherited separately from those for other characters

Front 35

2 Situations which Mendelian Genetics do not accurately describe the method of inheritance for a character/gene

Back 35

X-Linked Traits

Front 36

X-Linked Trait

Back 36

Hemophilia A

Front 37

Trisomy Disease Example

Back 37

Down Syndrome

Front 38

Monosomy Disease Example

Back 38

Turner Syndrome

Front 39

Chromosomal Translocation Disease Example:

Back 39

Cri du Chat (deletion of chromosome 5)

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (translocation of chromosomes)

Front 40

Four Main Types of Changes that can Alter Chromosome Structure

Back 40

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation

Dave doesn't imagine turning.

Front 41

Character regulated by epistasis

Back 41

Labrador coat color

Front 42

Polygenic Character Example:

Back 42

Skin Color in Humans

Front 43

Organelles that contain DNA...

Back 43

...exhibit non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Ex. Mitochondrial DNA in inherited from the mother.