Biology Exam #4

Front 1

How does the body store energy?

Back 1

If energy is needed,
as HIGH ENERGY BONDS (mostly ATP).

Front 2

If the body does not need energy, how does it store it?

Back 2

As large forms like glycogen and fat

Front 3

Proteins
Where do they breakdown?
And what are they broken down by?

Back 3

Stomach: Pepsin
Duodenum: Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Front 4

Proteins
Where does absorption of them take place?

Back 4

Duodenum and Jejunum

Front 5

Proteins
In anabolic state, what do Amino Acids do?

Back 5

Used to build enzymes and other parts of the cell

Front 6

Proteins
In catabolic state, what do Amino Acids do?

Back 6

Degraded or deaminated and shuttled into the Krebs Cycle. (break things down)

Front 7

Carbohydrates
Where do they breakdown?

Back 7

Mouth: salivary amylase
Duodenum: pancreatic amylase and other brush border enzymes

Front 8

Carbohydrates
Where does absorption of them take place?

Back 8

Duodenum and jéjunum.

Front 9

Carbohydrates
In anabolic state, what happens with glucose?

Back 9

Glucose molecules are stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen

Front 10

Carbohydrates
In catabolic state, what happens with glucose?

Back 10

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate to use for energy production.

Front 11

Fats
Where do they breakdown?

Back 11

In duodenum via emulsification by bile salts and gall bladder

Front 12

Fats
What do triglycerides break down into? and what does it use?

Back 12

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides
Pancreatic lipase

Front 13

Fats
Where do they absorb?

Back 13

In the jejunum

Front 14

Fats
Where are bile salts recovered?

Back 14

In the ileum

Front 15

Fats
What are salts repackaged as? (b/c don't like h20)

Back 15

Triglycerides with a coat

Front 16

Harvesting Energy
What should glucose be broken down into?

Back 16

3-carbon subunits called pyruvate

Front 17

Harvesting Energy
What is glycolysis? and its net result?

Back 17

1. Take glucose and break it down
2. Net result is: 2 ATP

Front 18

Harvesting Energy
What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 18

can only happen in the presence of 02.
Oxygen, adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

Front 19

Glycolysis
Net Result? What is used? What is formed?

Back 19

net result: glucose degradation to pyruvate, +2 ATP/glucose.
Used: 2ATP
Formed: 4ATP and 2NADH

Front 20

Complete Glycolysis
What are the reactions?

Back 20

Cytosolic

Front 21

The choice-oxygen
NAD+ must be recycled so
IF OXYGEN IS PRESENT:

Back 21

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle.
NAD+ is regenerated in the mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation

Front 22

The choice-oxygen
IF OXYGEN IS NOT PRESENT:

Back 22

Pyruvate is converted to lactate in order to regenerate NAD+.

Front 23

Pyruvate Oxidation
With oxygen, what happen?

Back 23

Pyruvate is moved to the mitochondria.

Front 24

Pyruvate Oxidation
What first must happen before it enters the krebs cycle?

Back 24

Pyruvate must first be oxidized

Front 25

Pyruvate Oxidation
What is the net result?

Back 25

2 NADH and 2 acetyl-CoA molecules

Front 26

Krebs Cycle

Back 26

Oxaloacetate+Acetyl CoA --> Citrate --> Isocitrate --> a-ketoglutarate --> Succinyl-CoA --> Succinate --> Fumarate --> Malate --> Oxaloacetate

Front 27

How do we harvest energy from Amino Acids?

Back 27

Deaminate/ Remove NH3
remaining carbon chains are modified to enter the energy pathway.

Front 28

How do we harvest energy from Fatty Acids?

Back 28

Process: Beta Oxidation
Fatty acids are shortened, 2 C at a time
Net yield -1 ATPP, +1 NADH and +1FADH2

Front 29

3 basic functions of the nervous system

Back 29

Sensation
Processing
Effect

Front 30

What is sensation made by?

Back 30

Sensory neurons

Front 31

What is processing done by?

Back 31

Interneurons

Front 32

What is effect done by?

Back 32

motor neurons

Front 33

What is the Central Nervous system made up of?

Back 33

Brain and spinal cord

Front 34

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

Back 34

Nerves and ganglia outside of the dorsal body cavity

Front 35

What are 2 types of cells in the nervous system?

Back 35

Neurons and Neuroglia

Front 36

What are 2 specific types of neuroglial cells?

Back 36

Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes

Front 37

How do neurons communicate?

Back 37

Controlling the number of ions on the inside and outside of the cell.

Front 38

At rest, what charge do neurons have?

Back 38

negative; Resting membrane potential

Front 39

What is the change of polarity down the axon in one direction only?

Back 39

Action Potential

Front 40

Why is resting potential negative?

Back 40

1. Most proteins and nucleic acids are trapped inside (most are -)
2. The cell is most "leaky" to potassium ions (potassium wants to leave the cell)
3. The sodium potassium pump is constantly pumping +3 Na ions out for every 2 K+ ions (net effect -1 inside cell)

Front 41

Action Potential
What is threshold?

Back 41

If a neuron receives enough excitatory information to go from -70 mV to -55 mV

Front 42

What are 2 ways to speed up action potentials?

Back 42

1. Increase axon diameter.
2. Myelin sheath (insulation; causes action potential to jump across axon "saltatory conduction")

Front 43

What is a synapse?

Back 43

A junction that action potential communicates with.

Front 44

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 44

They are released by the alteration of the membrane potential at the synapse.

Front 45

What effect(s) can neurotransmitters have?

Back 45

Excitatory and inhibitory

Front 46

what does the brain consist of?

Back 46

Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and brain stem

Front 47

What do the cranial nerves connect?

Back 47

connect to cerebrum or brain stem.

Front 48

What do the spinal nerves connect to?

Back 48

connect to spinal cord

Front 49

the brain
CEREBRUM

Back 49

high order processing

Front 50

the brain
THALAMUS

Back 50

somatic processing and integration

Front 51

the brain
HYPOTHALAMUS

Back 51

visceral integration

Front 52

the brain
CEREBELLUM

Back 52

balance and coordination

Front 53

the brain
BRAIN STEM

Back 53

primitive control

Front 54

What kind of response are reflexes?

Back 54

motor

Front 55

Can reflexes be monosynaptic or polysynaptic? or both?

Back 55

both

Front 56

What is parasympathetic ?

Back 56

rest and digest

Front 57

What is sympathetic?

Back 57

Fight or flight; inhibit digestion or can stop it

Front 58

What are the 4 steps to sensation

Back 58

Stimulus
Transduction of stimulus into receptor potential in sensory receptor
Transmission of action potential in sensory neuron
Interpretation of stimulus in central nervous system.

Front 59

What are mechanoreceptors?

Back 59

Stimulated by mechanical forces.
"touch"

Front 60

What are chemoreceptors?

Back 60

Stimulated by chemicals; increased concentration is perceived as high intensity

Front 61

What are electromagnetic receptors?

Back 61

Stimulated by heat and light

Front 62

Mechanoreceptors
Many types in skin; what do they do?

Back 62

some sense light touch
others sense deep pressure

Front 63

Mechanoreceptors
Proprioceptors: where are they found? and what do they do?

Back 63

In tendons and joints
Give brain where limbs and joints are located.

Front 64

Mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors: what do they do?

Back 64

Detect changes in blood pressure.