Biology Exam 4

Front 1

Habituation

Back 1

Simplest form of learning, where as animal becomes conditioned not to respond to a stimulus, by repeated exposure without negative or positive consequence

Front 2

Associative Learning

Back 2

Changes in behavior through an association between two stimuli or one stimuli and a response

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

Paired presentation of two types of stimuli causes formation of association between them

ex) Pavlvov's dog

Front 4

Operant Conditioning

Back 4

Behavioral response associated with reward or punishment

Front 5

Imprinting

Back 5

Behavioral development, also called "phase sensitive learning"; occurs during the critical period of development

Front 6

Filial Imprinting

Back 6

Development of social attachment between parent and offspring, offspring learns behavior of parents

Front 7

Behavioral Ecology

Back 7

The study of how natural selection shapes behavior; evaluates the effects of different behaviors on survival and reproductive success

Front 8

Adaptive Behaviors

Back 8

Traits of the organism which increase fitness and therefore are favored by natural selection

Front 9

Optimal foraging theory

Back 9

Contends that animal foraging behavior will be selected for maximum efficiency

Front 10

Territoriality

Back 10

Defense against intrusion or resource use by other individuals of the same species

Front 11

Parental Investment

Back 11

The energy and time invested by male and female parents in reproduction

Front 12

Sexual Selection

Back 12

Effect of competition for mates on evolution

Front 13

Direct benefits of mate choice

Back 13

There is an obvious benefit to mating with certain individuals (large territory, big and strong)

Front 14

Indirect benefits of mate choice

Back 14

Less obvious value (choosing colorful males because color is an indicator of health)

Front 15

The Handicap Hypothesis

Back 15

Females choose males with obvious disadvantages because if they can survive with those, they must be really fit

Front 16

Sensory Exploitation

Back 16

Courtship displays by males may exploit female's predisposition for response to certain stimuli

Front 17

Monogamy

Back 17

One male and one female; more common with altricial young

Front 18

Polygyny

Back 18

One male to many females; more common with precocial offspring; common in mammals because only females lactate; common where territories are held by males

Front 19

Polyandry

Back 19

One female to many males; very uncommon, but found mostly in birds in highly productive environments where resources are not limited and females benefit by mating as often as possible

Front 20

Altruism

Back 20

Behavior that benefits another individual at the cost of the actor

Front 21

Reciprocal Altruism

Back 21

Partnering between individuals results in an exchange of altruistic acts, confers a selective benefit to both

Front 22

Kin Selection

Back 22

Selection which favors altruism towards close relatives

Front 23

Ecology

Back 23

The study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environment

The quantitative study of life's patterns and adaption to environment

Front 24

Populations

Back 24

Group of individuals of the same species in one place

Front 25

Uniform Spacing

Back 25

Behavioral interactions, resources competition

Front 26

Clumped Spacing

Back 26

Uneven distribution of resources; common in nature

Front 27

Random Spacing

Back 27

No interaction

Front 28

Population Demographics

Back 28

The quantitative study of populations

Front 29

Generation Time

Back 29

Average interval between birth of individual and its offspring

Front 30

Cohort

Back 30

A group of individuals of the same age

Front 31

Fecundity

Back 31

Number of offspring per individual per unit of time

Front 32

Mortality

Back 32

number dying per unit if time

Front 33

Age Structure

Back 33

Relative number at different ages

Front 34

Life Table

Back 34

Used to show the fate of a cohort from birth until all members have died

Show mortality and survivorship at different age

Front 35

Survivorship Patterns

Back 35

type 1: Long lived, death at old age (human)

type 2: Constant rate of death, equal chance of dying at any age (prey species)

type 3: highest death rate amongst young (oak trees)

Front 36

Exponential Growth

Back 36

Constantly increasing rate of growth

Front 37

Logistic Growth

Back 37

Rate increases to K/a, where K=carrying capacity if environment, then begins to decrease, approaching K as an asymptote

Front 38

Limiting Factor

Back 38

Prevents population from existing above K

Front 39

Density Dependent

Back 39

Increased effect with increased population size

Front 40

Semelparity

Back 40

Single reproductive event

Front 41

Iteroparity

Back 41

Multiple reproductive events

Front 42

R Strategist Species

Back 42

Higher reproductive rate, less paternal care, type 3 curves

Front 43

K Strategist Species

Back 43

Lower reproductive rates, more parental care, type 1 curves

Front 44

Community

Back 44

Total sum of the organisms that live together in a specific place

Front 45

Interspecific Competition

Back 45

The negative effects which one organism has on another, by consuming, or controlling access to , a resource which is of limited availability

Front 46

Interference Competition

Back 46

Physical interactions over resources, typically leading to displacement of one species

Front 47

Scramble Competition

Back 47

Resource is accessible to both species, but use by both is limited

Front 48

Niche

Back 48

The total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

Front 49

The Competitive Exclusion Principle

Back 49

No two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely when resources are limiting

Front 50

Fundamental Niche

Back 50

The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

Front 51

Realized Niche

Back 51

Actual set of environmental conditions over which a species can establish a stable population

Front 52

Predation

Back 52

Consuming of one organism by another

Front 53

Aposematism

Back 53

Organisms that are poisonous use warning coloration

Front 54

Cryptic Coloration

Back 54

Helps non-poisonous animals bland with their surroundings

Front 55

Mimicry

Back 55

Allows one species to capitalize on defensive strategies of another

Front 56

Batesian Mimicry

Back 56

Palatable insects resemble distasteful species

Front 57

Mullerian Mimicry

Back 57

Poisonous species come to resemble one another

Front 58

Parasitism

Back 58

Exploitation where exploiter does not kill the host, lives in association

Front 59

Ectoparasites

Back 59

Feed on exterior surface of an organism

Front 60

Endoparasites

Back 60

Live inside the host

Front 61

Parasitoids

Back 61

Insects that lay eggs inside living hosts, eventually kill host

Front 62

Commensalism

Back 62

One species benefits both species

Front 63

Mutualism

Back 63

an interaction that benefits both species

Front 64

Community Structure

Back 64

Properties of a community, appear first at the community level

Front 65

Keystone Species

Back 65

Species having impact far out of proportion to its abundance

Front 66

Invasive Species

Back 66

Non native organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community

Front 67

Succession

Back 67

Predictable series of change in a community after a disturbance

Front 68

Disturbance

Back 68

Disruption of a community = typically through the removal of biomass

Front 69

Primary Succession

Back 69

Begins on bare, lifeless substrate

Front 70

Secondary Succession

Back 70

Where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain

Front 71

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Back 71

Communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbance