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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a monosaccharide? |
Is the monomer for carbohydrates |
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Unsaturated fats have at least one |
double bond between carbons |
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Which is NOT a function of proteins? |
A. Enzymes B. Protection C. Structure D. Energy Storage |
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What does it mean to denature a protein? What happens to a denatures protein? |
It means to change the shape of the protein and it can no longer do its job.
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What are three ways to denature a protein? |
1. High Temperatures 2. Extreme pH 3. Toxic Chemicals |
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What is the definition of pseudoscience? |
Fake science, no actual way to prove or support the claims. Plays on emotions. |
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Give an example of pseudoscience. |
Airbone Activia |
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What are the 5 steps to the scientific method? |
1. Make observations 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Devise a testable prediction 4. Conduct a critical experiment 5. Draw conclusions and make revisions |
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What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? |
Must be clearly stated, must be testable |
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Which represents individuals of the SAME SPECIES interacting together? |
Population |
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How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? |
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Prokaryotic do not have a nucleus |
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How are ionic bonds formed? |
Form when one atom steals an electron from another atom. Creates 2 atoms with opposite charges that attract each other. |
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What is an Ion? |
Charged atoms that either carry a negative charge (more electrons) or a positive charge (more protons) |
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What are isotopes? |
Different forms of the same element. Same number of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons. |
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What are the levels of electrons that orbit an atom? |
Outer shells- greatest amount of energy Innermost shell- only holds 2 electrons 2nd and 3rd- hold 8 electrons |
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What are the four states of matter? |
1.Solid 2. Liquid 3.Gas 4. Plasma |
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What are the four most important elements for life? |
1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen |
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What is a covalent bond? |
Form when one atom shares electrons with another atom |
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What is a polar molecule? |
Have covalent bonds that are not shared equally |
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What is a hydrogen bond? |
Weak bonds formed between H and other molecules. |
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Water is __________. |
Cohessive |
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On the pH scale where is acid, base, and neutral located? |
Acid pH: 1-6.9 Base pH: 7.1-14 Neutral pH: 7.0 |
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What is a solution? |
Liquid consisting of a mixture of two or more substances |
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What is a solvent? |
The substance doing the dissolving |
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What is a solute? |
The substance being dissolved |
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Aqueous Solution is... |
When water is the solvent. |
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What is reactant? |
Substances that react together |
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What is product? |
Substances which result from the reactions |
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What is an organic molecule? |
All organic molecules contain carbon |
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Why are carbons so versatile? |
Their ability to make 4 covalent bonds with itself or other elements: H, O, & N Carbon-bonds are very stable |
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Hydrocarbons are... |
organic molecules that contain ONLY Carbon & Hydrogen |
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What is a macromolecule? |
Large organic molecules |
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What is a polymer? |
Large molecules produced by attaching many similar smaller molecules together |
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What is a monomer? |
Small molecules. They make up polymers |
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Explain Dehydration synthesis. |
Form on macromolecule from two molecules when an OH and H are removed. |
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Explain Hydrolysis. |
Breakdown one macromolecule into two small molecules when OH and H are added. |
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What are Isomers? |
The same molecular formulas but different structures. EX. Glucose and Fructose. C6 H12 O6 |
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Carbohydrates contain only... |
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
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Monosaccarides are: |
Simple sugars. Basic subunit used to build bigger sugar polymers. Usually take on a ring structure. |
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Functions of a monosaccharides are: |
Major fuel molecules for cellular work. Provide cells with carbon skeletons for producing other organic molecules. |
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What is the definition of science? |
Any method of learning about the natural world that follows a logical scientific method. |
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What is scientific theory? |
Widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. Ex: Theory of evolution. |
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What are the 6 characteristics of living organisms? |
1. Composed of cells 2. Reproduce via. DNA 3. Obtain energy from environment 4. Response to the environment 5. Maintain internal environment 6. Groups evolve |
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What does biotic and abiotic mean? |
Biotic: Is living or was once living Abiotic: Was never living |
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What is a producer? |
An organism that uses energy from an EXTERNAL source to produce its own food w/o having to to eat other organisms |
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What is a consumer? |
An organism that obtains its energy by eating other organisms or their remains |
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What are the three domains of life? |
1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes) 2. Archaea (Prokaryotes) 3. Eukarya (Eukaryotes) |
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Define Natural Selection. |
Passage of beneficial genes to future generations, while discouraging passage of harmful genes |
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Define Artificial Selection |
Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans. Domestic plants and animals have little resemblance to their wild ancestors |
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What is an Atom |
defined as the smallest unit of an element that still has distinctive chemical properties of that element |
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Define an element |
A pure substance that has distinctive physical and chemical properties and cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical methods
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An atom is composed of what? |
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
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What does the atomic number represent? |
The number of protons in an atoms nucleus |
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What does the atomic MASS number represent? |
The sum of an atom's protons and neutrons |
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Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons are charged how? |
Protons are positive charged Neutrons are neutral charged Electrons are negatively charged |
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What is a disaccharide? |
Double sugars constructed from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis |
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What are the functions of disaccharides? |
Maltose & Lactose |
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Define polysaccharide |
Long chains of sugar subunits |
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Functions of polysaccharide? |
Starch: Storage form of carbs in plants Glycogen: Storage form of carbs in animals Cellulose: Dietary supplement know as fiber |
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What is a lipid? |
Fat, oils, and waxes |
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What is hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? |
Water hating and water loving |
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What is the structure of a lipid? |
Glycerol Head and Three fatty acids tails |
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What are the functions of lipids? |
1. 2X amount of energy as carbs 2. Cushions vital organs 3. Insulates warm-blooded mammals |
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Define Protein |
Long polymers of amino acids |
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Functions of Protein |
1. Structure 2. Source of amino acids for development 3. Contractile- major component of muscles 4. Transport materials- hemoglobin 5. Defense- antibodies of immune system 6. Signaling- sends messages between cells 7. Enzymes- biological cataylst |
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What are the four parts of an amino acid? |
1. Carboxyl group 2. Amino group 3. H atom 4. Side group (R) |
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How many different amino acids are there? |
20 different kinds. The side group (R) changes |
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What is primary structure? |
A proteins unique amino acid sequence |
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What is a peptide bond? |
A bond ONLY between proteins |
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What can stop a protein from working? |
Change in ONE single amino acid of a protein polypeptide |
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What are Nucleic Acids? |
Information storage molecules that provide direction for building proteins |
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What are the two types of nucleic acids? |
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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What is a nucleotide? |
Subunits of nucleic acids |
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Nucleotide structure is... |
1. Phosphate Group (PO4) 2. Five Carbon Sugar (DNA or RNA) 3. NItrogenous Base (A, C, G, T, OR U) |
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What does deoxy mean? |
Missing oxygen. Which is what makes DNA stable |
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What does nitrogenous base do? |
Link two polymers of DNA together
DNA bases: A, C, G, T RNA bases: A, C, G, U (Bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds) |
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA |
1. Sugars- Deoxyribose vs. ribose 2. Nitrogenous base, T in DNA vs. U in RNA 3. Strands- DNA has a double strand; RNA has a single strand |
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A functional group is... |
molecules that behave consistently giving each compound its unique properties. |
