Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
taxonomy
|
the grouping of species based on vertical descent and common characteristics
|
|
|
what are the three primary domains
|
archea
bacteria eukaria |
|
|
archea and bacteria are
|
prokariotic
|
|
|
order of which each domain is broken into
|
kingdom
phyla class order family genes |
|
|
characteristics of prokaryotes
|
simple cell structure
no true nucleus no enveloped organelles horizontal + vertical gene transfer |
|
|
characteristics of eukaryotes
|
complex cell structure
nucleus membrane bound organelles only vertical gene transfer |
|
|
what is a genome
|
the complete genetic makeup of an organism
|
|
|
the evolutionary history and relatedness of all living organisms can be illuminated by
|
genome analysis
|
|
|
genomics are
|
techniques used to analyze DNA sequence in genomes
|
|
|
what is a proteome
|
the complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make
|
|
|
proteomics are
|
techniques used to analyze the proteome of a species
|
|
|
biology is a scientific
|
dicipline
|
|
|
science is the (4 things) ...
|
observation
identification experimental investigation theoretical explanation of natural phenomena |
|
|
what is the scientific method used to test
|
theories
|
|
|
we should investigate life at
|
different levels
|
|
|
different branches of biology study at
|
different levels using a variety of tools
|
|
|
biology is the study of
|
life
|
|
|
two properties of life
|
unity and diversity
|
|
|
what is unity
|
common set of characteristics based on biological evolution
|
|
|
what is diversity
|
many types of environments with diverse organisms
|
|
|
what are the 7 characteristics of life
|
cells + organization
energy use + metabolism response to environmental change regulations + homeostaisis growth and development reproduction biological evolution |
|
|
what are the levels of organization
|
atoms
molecules + micromolecules cells tissues organs organism population community ecosystem biosphere |
|
|
what does evolutionary change involve
|
mods to existing structures
|
|
|
structures may be modded to
|
serve new purposes
|
|
|
legs used for walking were modded into
|
dolphin flipper or bat wing
|
|
|
evolutionary change is the
|
vertical descent with mutation
|
|
|
vertical descent with mutation is the
|
change observed as a progression in a series of ancestors
|
|
|
what is another name for lineage
|
vertical descent
|
|
|
mutation is
|
random change in the genetic makeup of an organism
|
|
|
benefit to mutation
|
increased survival and reproduction
|
|
|
natural selection is the
|
beneficial change resulting in population increase
|
|
|
example of natural selection
|
change in horse teeth and size due to dietary shift and adaptation to climate changes (forests to grasslands)
|
|
|
evolutionary change is
|
horizontal gene transfer
|
|
|
horizontal gene transfer most often involves
|
prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and the direct transfer of genetic material between different and same species
|
|
|
evolutionary change also involves (3 things)
|
antibiotic resistance
toxin production capsule formation |
|
|
what is a hypothesis
|
- proposed explanation of a natural phenomena
- educated guess based on previous observations - tentative answer to a well formed question |
|
|
example of hypothesis
|
maple trees drop leaves in atom because of shortened sunlight
|
|
|
theory is a
|
broad explanation of an aspect of the natural world substantiated by lots of evidence
|
|
|
a scientific hypothesis must have these two qualities
|
- must be testable
- must be falsifiable |
|
|
data collected from hypothesis must be
|
qualitative or quantitative
|
|
|
what do hypothesis' do
|
they make predictions that can be shown to be correct (hypothesis) or incorrect (null hypothesis)
|
|
|
3 types of bonds are
|
- covalent (polar or non polar)
- ionic - hydrogen |
|
|
in covalent bonds
|
atoms share electron pairs
|
|
|
describe atom shells in covalent bonds
|
bond between valence shells that are not filled
|
|
|
what is the octet rule
|
- atoms are stable when shell is full
- full shell is 8 electrons, except for hydrogen, which is 2 |
|
|
polar covalent bonds are
|
2 atoms, different electronegativity, form covalent bonds
|
|
|
properties of water
|
- covalent
- more electronegative oxygen than electronegative hydrogen - molecules have a partial negative change region and a partial positive change region |
|
|
hydrogen bonds are
|
- weak polar covalent bonds
- dashed or dotted lines - strong bond overall |
|
|
gene box is called the
|
toga box []----
|
|
|
gene bonds are (letter pairs)
|
H-T (double)
G-C (triple) A-T (double) T-A (double) C-G (triple) |
|
|
what happens to atoms in ions
|
loose or gain 1+ electrons
|
|
|
cation is what charge
|
+
|
|
|
anion is what charge
|
-
|
|
|
in an ionic bond, what bonds to what
|
cation bonds to anion
|
|
|
example of ionic bond
|
sodium cation bonds to chlorine to form salt
|
|
|
in a chemical reaction
|
1 or more substances form to new substances
|
|
|
what properties do reactions share
|
- all require energy
- reactions in living organisms require a catalyst - proceed in particular direction, eventually require equilibrium |
|
|
what is a solvent
|
a liquid
|
|
|
what is a solute
|
substance dissolved
|
|
|
ions and molecules that have polar covalent bonds will what in water
|
dissolve
|
|
|
hydrophilic is
|
polar covalent
|
|
|
hydrophobic is
|
non polar
|
|
|
amphipathic has
|
polar and ionized regions and polar at other sites
|
|
|
what is concentration
|
amount of solute dissolved
|
|
|
what is molarity
|
# moles in 1 liter of water
|
|
|
change in state means
|
gain or loss of energy
|
|
|
how stable is water as a liquid
|
extremely stable
|
|
|
the colligitive properties of water depend on
|
concentration
|
|
|
adding solutes to h20 means
|
lowered freezing point below 0 Celsius + raised boiling point above 100 c
|
|
|
some animals produce what that dissolves in their body
|
antifreeze
|
|
|
water participates in
|
hydrolsis and dehydration
|
|
|
water provides what type of support
|
force
|
|
|
what does water remove
|
toxic waste components
|
|
|
three more properties of water
|
evap cooling , cohesion, and adhesion
|
|
|
pure water can ionize into
|
hydrogen and hydroxide ions
|
|
|
acids are molecules that
|
release hydrogen joins in a solution
|
|
|
what do bases lower
|
the H+ concentration
|
|
|
some bases release x and others bind y
|
x- OH-
y- H+ |
|
|
pH =
|
log base 10 of the concentration of [H+]
|
|
|
pH 6 or below
|
acidic
|
|
|
pH 7
|
neutral
|
|
|
pH 8 or above
|
Alkaline
|
|
|
cells are what percent water
|
70-95
|
|
|
cells are mostly made up of
|
carbon
|
|
|
organic molecules contain
|
carbon
|
|
|
is carbon abundant in living organisms?
|
hell yea
|
|
|
carbon macromolecules are
|
large + complex
|
|
|
carbon can form large and x molecules
|
diverse
|
|
|
carbon has how many electrons in outer shell
|
4
|
|
|
carbon needs how many to fulfill octet rule
|
4
|
|
|
carbon can make up to how many bonds
|
4
|
|
|
non polar bonds are what in water
|
not soluble
|
|
|
carbon can form what type of bonds
|
polar or non polar, single or double
|
|
|
polar bonds are what in water
|
soluble
|
|
|
functional groups are
|
atom groups with special chemical features
|
|
|
each functional group has the same
|
solution
|
|
|
just know that "aminos have the same"
|
just know that "aminos have the same"
|
|
|
isomers have
|
2 structures, identical molecular formulas, different structures
|
|
|
strut isomers have
|
same atoms but different bonding relations
|
|
|
sterioisomers have
|
same bonding but spatial position is different
|
|
|
what are the 4 types of organic molecules
|
- carbs
- lipids - proteins - nucleic acids |
|
|
monomer sub unit of protein
|
amino acids
|
|
|
monomer sub unit of DNA/RNA
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
monomer sub unit of Lipids
|
NONE BITCH
|
|
|
monomer sub unit of carbs
|
monosaccherides
|
|
|
carbs are linked to
|
hydrogen and hydroxyl group. Mono, di, and polysaccharide
|
|
|
monosaccharides have how many carbons
|
5 and 6, whatever that means smh smh sumuh
|
|
|
pentoses pairs with
|
ribose
|
|
|
deoxyribose pairs with
|
hexose
|
|
|
the remaining one pairs with
|
glucose
|
|
|
monosaccharides may be what form
|
linear of ring
|
|
|
glucose isomers are
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
structural isomers are
|
different arrangement, same isomers
|
|
|
sterioisomers are
|
geometric isomers
|
|
|
disaccharides are
|
carbs made of 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration or condensation reaction
|
|
|
disaccharides are broken apart by
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
examples of disaccharides
|
sucrose, maltose, lactose
|
|
|
polysaccharides are
|
linked together by long polymers
|
|
|
structural role of polysaccharides
|
cellulose
|
|
|
lipids are composed of what atoms
|
hydrogen and carbon
|
|
|
what is the defining feature of lipids
|
1. not polar
2. not soluble in water |
|
|
fats are a mixture of
|
triglicerides
|
|
|
fats are formed by
|
bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids
|
|
|
fats are joined by
|
dehydration or condensation
|
|
|
saturated means
|
linked by a single covalent bond, solid at room temp
|
|
|
unsaturated means
|
one or more double bonds, 1 double mono saturated, 2 or more polyunsaturated, liquid at room temp
|
|
|
amino fats are
|
saturated
|
|
|
unsaturated fats are
|
healthier
|
|
|
fat stores
|
energy
|
|
|
1 gram of fat stores
|
twice as much energy as one gram of glycogen or starch
|
|
|
fats can also be structural in providing
|
insulation and cusioning
|
|
|
what are phospolipids
|
glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, and amphipathic molecules
|
|
|
the phosphate region is
|
polar, hydrophilic
|
|
|
fatty acid chains are
|
non polar and hydrophobic
|
|
|
what are steroids made of
|
4 interconnected rings of carbon atoms
|
|
|
how is a steroids solubility
|
not very water soluble
|
|
|
estrogen and testosterone differ
|
slightly
|
|
|
proteins are composed of
|
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
|
|
|
amino acids are what
|
monomers
|
|
|
aminos have a common structure with
|
variable R group
|
|
|
how many aminos are there
|
20 ked
|
|
|
what determines structure and function
|
side chain
|
|
|
aminos form
|
peptide bonds
|
|
|
amino acids are made of
|
1 or more polypeptides
|
|
|
aminos are broken by
|
hydrosis
|
|
|
know how to draw these bonds
|
know how to draw these bonds
|
|
|
what are the 4 protein structures
|
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
|
|
|
what are nucleic acids responsible for
|
the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic info
|
|
|
how many classes of nucleic acids are there
|
2
|
|
|
dna contains
|
purines and pyrimidines
|
|
|
what are the two purines and how many rings
|
adenine and guanine, 2 fused rings
|
|
|
what are the two pyrimidines and how many rings
|
thymine and cytosine, single carbon ring
|
|
|
out of adenine thymine guanine cytosine purines and pyrimidines, which bind
|
AT, CG, PP...remember none of them can be alone
|
|
|
what were the percents that chargoff said
|
20A 20T 30S 30G
|
|
|
what are the actual percents
|
15A 15T 35G 35C
|
|
|
monomer of dna is
|
nucleotide
|
|
|
nucleotides are made of
|
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
|
|
|
dna is bounded by
|
3 prime carbon to 5 prime carbon
|
|
|
what type of bonds in phosphate backbone
|
covalent
|
|
|
what type of bond between bases
|
hydrogen
|
|
|
energy part of the cell is
|
ATP
|
|
|
how does atp provide energy
|
looses a phosphate to make energy for another bond to form
|
|
|
compare dna to rna
|
DNA: thymine, 2 strands, 1 form
RNA: uracil, single stranded, several form |
|
|
know what a nucleotide, sugar, and lipid looks like
|
know what a nucleotide, sugar, and lipid looks like
|
|
|
x makes x makes x
|
DNA makes RNA makes PROTEINS
|
|
|
what does the R in dna group do
|
allows dna or genes to interact
|
|
|
what causes proteins to fold
|
look up
|
|
|
what determines the FUNCTION of a structure
|
DNA
|
|
|
what are the protein phases
|
primary secondary tertiary and quaternary
|
|
|
aminos start and end at what terminuses
|
N to T. All aminos are in between
|
|
|
what type of structures are formed in tertiary
|
3D
|
|
|
what is in the secondary protein structure
|
folding, repeating or irregular, and caked regions
|
|
|
what is the one amino that contains sulfur
|
cystine
|
|
|
what are the 4 factors promoting folding
|
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and polar interactions, hydrophobic effects, and van de walls forces
|
|
|
there is specific binding where in each protein
|
at the surface
|
|
|
what bridge is NOT involved in protein protein reactions
|
disulfide
|
|
|
why is disulfide bridge not involved in protein protein interactions
|
because its a covalent folding property
|
|
|
proteins contain what with their structures
|
functional domain
|
|
|
what has distant structures in proteins
|
module or domains
|
|
|
what is stat
|
signal transducer and activation of transcription
|
|
|
each stat protein domain has what
|
its own specific function
|
