Biology Enzymes

Front 1

What are protein molecules made of?

Back 1

Long chains of amino acids

Front 2

What are the long chains folded to?

Back 2

To produce specific shapes.

Front 3

What does the shape of protein depend on?

Back 3

Its function.

Front 4

What are proteins made of?

Back 4

Long chains of amino acids.

Front 5

What can proteins be?

Back 5

Structural components of tissues,such as muscle.

Hormones

Antibodies

Catalysts

Front 6

What are chemical reactions in cells controlled by?

Back 6

Proteins called enzymes.

Front 7

What are enzymes?.

Back 7

biological catalysts-they speed up reactions

Front 8

Enzymes are large proteins and...

Back 8

The shape of the enzyme is vital for its function

Front 9

What is the active site?

Back 9

The site on an enzyme where the reactants bind.

Front 10

What is the subtrate?What can it do?

Back 10

The material or chemical on which an enzyme acts.The substrate in a reaction can be held in the active site and either be connected to another molrcule or be broken down.

Front 11

What can enzymes do?

Back 11

Build large molecules from many smaller ones eg building starch from glucose molecules

Change one molecule into another one,eg convert one type of sugar into another.

Break down large molecules into smaller one, eg all the digestive enzymes do this.

Front 12

When are enzymes reactions similar to other reactions?

Back 12

When temperature is increased.

Front 13

When do reactions take place faster?

At higher temperatures the molecules...

Back 13

When it is warmer.

Move around more quickly and so collide with each other more often,and with more energy.

Front 14

What is meant by the term 'denatured'?

Back 14

The protein/enzyme changes shape and wiĺl stop working.

Front 15

What is optimum temperature?

Back 15

This is when the reaction works as fast as possible.

Front 16

What is enzyme activity affected by?

Back 16

Large changes in pH and high temperature.

Front 17

Where do some enzymes work?

Back 17

Outside the body cells in the cavity of the digestive system.

Front 18

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

Back 18

By specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut.

Front 19

The enzymed pass out of the cells

Back 19

And come into contact with food.

Front 20

What does digestion involve?

Back 20

The breakdown of large,insoluble molecules into smaller molecules.

Front 21

What is Digestion?

Back 21

To break down into small molecules by the digestive enzymes.

Front 22

Where is Amylase produced?

Back 22

By the salivary glands,the pancreas and the small intestine.

Front 23

What does amylase do?

Back 23

It catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.

Front 24

Where is Protease produced?

Back 24

By the stomach,the pancreas andthr small intestine.

Front 25

What does Protease do?

Back 25

It catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.

Front 26

Where is Lipase produced?

Back 26

By thr pancreas and small intestine.

Front 27

What does Lipase do?

Back 27

It catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 28

What is Amylase?

Back 28

The enzyme made in thepancreas and the salivary glands which speeds up the breakdown of starch to simple sugars.

Front 29

What are carboyhydrase?

Back 29

Enzymes which speeds up the breakdown of carboyhydrates.

Front 30

What are Protease?

Back 30

An enzyme which breaks down proteins.

Front 31

What is Lipase?

Back 31

Enzymes that breaks down fats and oils to fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 32

What are lipids?

Back 32

An oil or fat

Front 33

What is fatty acids?

Back 33

Building blocks of lipids

Front 34

What is glycerol?

Back 34

Building blocks of lipids.

Front 35

Which enzyme digests amylase?

Back 35

Amylase?

Front 36

What is bile?

Back 36

Yellowy-green liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.It released into the small intestine and emulsifies fat.

Front 37

Where is bile produced?

Back 37

In the liver.

Front 38

Where do enzymes work best?

Back 38

Enzymes work best in narrow pH range.

Front 39

Where do protease enzymes work best? What do Glands in the stomach do?

Back 39

In the stomach in acidic conditions.Glands in the stomach wall produce hydrocholoric acid to create very acidic conditions.

Front 40

Where do Amylase and and lipase work best?

Back 40

In the small intestine they work best when the conditions are slightly alkaline.

Front 41

What does bile do?

Back 41

It is squirted into the small intestin and neutralises the stomach acid.Bile makes the conditions on the small intestine slightly alkaline.

Front 42

WHAT DOES BILE NOT CONTAIN?

Back 42

enzymes

Front 43

Name the three major groups of enzymes and what do they do?

Back 43

•Carboyhydrase breaking large insoluble carboyhydrates into smaller solualble moleculed.(e.g starch into glucose).

•protease breaking insoluble protein into soluble amino acids molecules.

•Lipase breaking an insoluble lipids (oil or fat) into somuble glycerol and fatty acids molecules.

Front 44

What are the enzymes that change the shape of a molecule?

Back 44

Isomerase (eg glucose to frutose)

Front 45

Hoe does bile help the breaking down lipids?

Back 45

By increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon.

Front 46

By emulsifying fats and oils what does bile do?

Back 46

It physically breaks large drops into smaller droplets.

Front 47

What is the difestive system made of?

Back 47

Mouth,gullet(oesophugus),stomach,liver,pancreas,small intestine and large intestine.

Front 48

What are the enzymes doing in the pancreas?

Back 48

Being produced.They are active in the small intestine.NO DIGESTION OCCURS IN THE PANCREAS.

Front 49

What do biological detergents contain?What temperature do they work at?What does this save?

Back 49

They contain proteases and lipases that digest food stains.They work at lower temperatures than ordinary washing powders.energy and Money spent on electricity.

Front 50

How are proteases used in baby food?

Back 50

To pre-digest proteins

Front 51

How is isomerase used?

Back 51

It is used to convert glucose syrop into frutose syrup.

Front 52

How are Carboyhydrases used?

Back 52

They are used to convert starch into sugars syrup in foods.

Front 53

Describe Frutose?

Back 53

It is much sweeter,so less is needed in foods.The foods,are therefore not so fattening.

Front 54

In industry what are enzymes?

Back 54

They are used to bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures.

Front 55

What fo traditional chemical processes require?

Back 55

Expensive equiment and a lot of energy to produce high temperatures and pressures.

Front 56

What produces enzymes that we can use?

Back 56

Microorganisms.

Front 57

What are the advantages of using enzymes?

Back 57

Enzymes in biological washing powders are very effective in removing stains such as blood,grass and gravy.

Front 58

Name second avantage of enzymes.

Back 58

Biological washing powders can be used at lower temp.this saves energy and reduces cost.

Front 59

Name thrid avantage of enzymes

Back 59

Some enzymes are used in medicine to diagnose control and even cure diseases.

Front 60

Name fourth avantage of enzymes

Back 60

In industry cost of equipment and energy can be reduced.

Front 61

Name first disavantage of enzymes

Back 61

If washing powders are missused they may have allergic reactions on their skin.(Enzymes are enclosed in capsules in dry powders).Once powder is dissolved,hands should not be placed in water.

Front 62

Name second disadvantage of enzymes

Back 62

Enzymes may enter waterways via sewage systems.

Front 63

Name thrid disadvantage of enzymes

Back 63

Industrial enzymes can be costly to produce.

Front 64

Name fourth disadvantage of enzymes

Back 64

Enzymes denature at high temperatures needed to kill pathogens in the washing.

Front 65

Name firth disadvantage of enzymes

Back 65

Some fabrics such as wool will be digested by proteases.

Front 66

How do enzymes get into rivers?

Back 66

Water from dishwashers and washing machines passes into the sewage system and may eventually reach the rivers.