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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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volume and surface area of a cell have
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inverse proportion relation
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size of the cell is governed by
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cell volume and cell surface area ratio
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trechalose
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non-reducing sugar
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mostly diverse molecules of a cell?
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proteins
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at the end of glycolysis, 6 carbon compounds ultimately change into
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pyruvic acid
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the end products of fermentation are?
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co2 and CaH5OH
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centromere is part of a
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chromosome
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a tertiary consumer
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carnivore that eats another carnivore
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What are the 3 terminal (STOP) codons
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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genetic drift
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the changes in gene frequencies due to change effecct
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new varieties of plants are produced by
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selection and hybridization
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the first transgenetic crop was
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flax
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DDT
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a non degradable pollutant
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the term "humulin" is used for
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human insulin
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The___of a protein determines its function
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shape
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what are the 3 main theories of life origin?
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abiogenesis, cosmozioc and supreme being
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enzymes
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act as a catalyst in biological processes
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inhibitor
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a substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity
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The aerobic pathway 4 stages
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Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
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Anaerobic respiration creates
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lactic acid and ethanol fermentation
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ethanol fermentation examples
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yeast bread, beer and wine
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Lactic acid fermentation
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takes place in muscles causing muscles to feel fatigued
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photosynthesis
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light & chlorophyll = C6H12O6(glucose) + O2
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The end result of aerobic respiration is
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36 ATP (energy)
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Chromatin is made up of
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40% DNA and 60% protein
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a gene is a small mass of
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nucloeprotein
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Karyotype
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an array of all the chromosomes an individual possess
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5 phases of the Cell Cycle
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G1 primary growth, S, the replication stage, G2 second growth phase, Mitosis (PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase) and cytokinesis
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Mitosis
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division of the nucleus during (PMAT) to form two identical daughter cells
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cytokinesis
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process in which the cytoplasm of a cell wall divides
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Meiosis
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process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell
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In humans meiosis produces
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haploid reproductive cells called gametes
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Meiosis only occurs in
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reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
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sexual reproduction
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production of offspring though meiosis and the union of sperm and egg
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Model of Nucleic Acids/ DNA structure
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Watson and Crick 1953
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DNA is held together by weak hydrogen bonds between
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purine and pyrimidine
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The Watson Crick model suggests DNA is
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complementary
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Mutations (positive/negative)
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Negative: cause defects, disease and death Positive: increase genetic diversity, wider variation of traits for natural selection
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KPCOFGS
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Desert
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cactus, plants with spines and waxy coating to hold in moisture
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Grassland
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prairie grasses and shrubs
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Tropical rain forest
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tropical vines, high variety of plants more variety of plants and animals than any other biome
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Tundra
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permafrost (frozen earth) impossible for growth
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Coniferous forest/Taiga
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cone bearing trees, spruce, hemlock, fur
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Deciduous forest
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what most people think of when you think forest
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High Blood Pressure
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Hypertension
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stomach lining
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absorbs food
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intestines
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pull out what the body wants from the food
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pancreas
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(produces insulin and glycogon) gets the food ready to enter the blood stream
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liver
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(cleans the blood) produces bile that helps break down fatty foods
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gall bladder
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saves the bile from the liver
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small intestine
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absorbs nutrient molecules
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large intestine
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gets rid of solid waste
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Sepal
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outer flower structure
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filament
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supports the anther
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a participant
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person that a scientist studies in an experiment
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sample
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small collection of subjects
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variable
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everything that a scientist measures
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Research must meet 4 tests
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1. Replicable (recreated) 2. Falsifiable ( theory has to be stated in a way that can be accepted or rejected) 3. Precisely stated and conducted 4. Occam's razor ( must use the simplest explanation possible to answer to their theory)
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case study
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a single subject is intensely studied
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four basic groups of polymers or macromolecules
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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CHOPN
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
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vacuoles
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storage for water, sugars, ions and pigments
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ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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nucleolus
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assemble ribosomes
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chloroplasts
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site of photosynthesis
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mitochondria
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site of oxidative metabolism
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microbodies
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isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell
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lysosomes
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digest worn out organelles and cell debris
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golgi apparatus
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packages protiens for export from the cell, forms secretory vesicles
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nucleus
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control center of a cell
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centrioles
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help assemble microtubules
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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forms compartments and vesicles, participates in protein and lipid synthesis
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plasma membrane
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regulates what passes into/out of a cell; cell to cell recognition
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flagella (cillia)
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motility
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cytoskeleton
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structural support
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cell wall
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protection, support
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