Biology: Classification And Evolution

Front 1

Define 'classification'

Back 1

The arragement of organisms in taxonomic groups acording to their similarities

Front 2

Define 'Taxonomy'?

Back 2

The study of classification

Front 3

What are the 7 levels of taxonmic groups?

Back 3

1)Kingdom

2)Phylum

3)Class

4)Order

5)Family

6)Genus

7)Species

Front 4

What are the 7 taxonmic groups for a Human?

Back 4

1) Annimlia

2) Chordata

3) Mammalia

4) Primates

5)Hominidae

6) Homo

7) Sapiens

Front 5

What happens as you move down taxonomic heirachy?

Back 5

There are more groups at each level but less organisms in each group

Front 6

What is nomenculture?

Back 6

The naming system of species

Front 7

What is the naming system used in classification?

Back 7

Binomal system

Front 8

What is the Binomal naming system?

Back 8

Latin name in two parts: First name is the Genus which must have a capital first letter and second part of name is it's species but has a lower case first letter

Front 9

How are bionomal names written?

Back 9

In Italics or underlined

Front 10

What is the reason for the bionomal naming system?

Back 10

Prevents confusion as some organisms are called different names depending in different countries

Front 11

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Back 11

1) Prokaryotae

2) Proctostista

3) Fungi

4) Plantae

5) Animalia

Front 12

What organims are apart of Prokaryotae Kingdom?

Back 12

Bacteria

Front 13

Give characteristics of an organism in Prokaryotae Kingdom?

Back 13

Prokaryotic Cells, Unicellular, No nuclues, Circular DNA, no membrane bound organelles, small (less than 5 micrometres), some heterotrophic, some autotrophic

Front 14

What organims are part of Protoctista Kingdom?

Back 14

Algae and protoza

Front 15

Give characteristics of organisms in Protoctista Kingdom?

Back 15

Eukaryotic cells, usually live in water, single or multi cellular, food stored as starch or glycogen, Heterotrophic or autotrophic

Front 16

What organisms are part of Fungi Kingdom?

Back 16

Moulds, yeasts, mushrooms

Front 17

Give characteristics of organisims in Fungi Kingdom?

Back 17

eukaryotic cells, cell walls made of chitin, linear DNA, single or multicellular, Saprophytic, food stored as glycogen,

Front 18

Give examples of organisms in Plantae Kingdom?

Back 18

Moss, Ferns, Flowering plants, trees

Front 19

Give characteristics of organisms in Plantae kingdom?

Back 19

Eukaryotic cells, linear DNA, multicellular, food stored as starch, cell wall made of cellulose, autotrophic

Front 20

What organisms are in the Animalia Kingdom?

Back 20

Fish, Birds, Reptiles, Humans, Cat, Dog etc

Front 21

Give characteristics of organisms in Animalia Kingdom?

Back 21

Eularyotic cells, multicellular, linear DNA, no cell wall, large ribosomes (90s), food stored as glycogen, Heterotrophic

Front 22

Define 'evolution'?

Back 22

The gradual change in organisms over time

Front 23

Define 'Phylogeny'?

Back 23

The study of evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Front 24

What does Phylogeny show?

Back 24

who is related to whom and how closely related they actually are

Front 25

What term is used when Phylogenetics is included in classification systems?

Back 25

Cladistics

Front 26

What was used as evidence for classification?

Back 26

Observable features e.g behvaourial, anatomical

Front 27

What was the problem of classifying organisms based on observable features?

Back 27

1) Scientists don't always agree on the relative importance of different features.

2) Groups based soley on physical features alone may not show how closely related organisms are

Front 28

Give an example of organisms that do look similar but are not closely related?

Back 28

Sharks and Whales.

Sharkes are cartliaginous fish whereas wales are vertebrate mammals -in two different classes

Front 29

What types of evidence is used now?

Back 29

1) Molecular evidence

2) Fossil evidence

3) embroyological evidence

Front 30

What does analysing molecular evidence involve?

Back 30

Analysing similarities in protien and DNA structure. (e.g sequence of amino acids and DNA bases)

Front 31

How is molecular evidence useful?

Back 31

Will show simililarties and differences the structures and the more similar, the more closely related the organisms are

Front 32

What has helped develop and change classification?

Back 32

New technology e.g new techniques to anlayse DNA, better microscopes

Front 33

What family was a skunk apart of until new DNA evidence was discovered?

Back 33

Mustenidae and now is in the Mephitdae family

Front 34

What replaced the 5 kingodms in 1990?

Back 34

The 3 domains

Front 35

What are the 3 domains?

Back 35

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Front 36

Which Kingdom has been split to form the Archea and Eukarya domains?

Back 36

Prokaryotae

Front 37

What was the Prokaryotae Kingdom split?

Back 37

Too many differences were found between organisms in the kingdom

Front 38

What differences were found in the Prokaryotae kingdom to form Archea and Bacteria Domains?

Back 38

1) The RNA polymerase enzyme was very different

2) Only those now in Archea have similar histones to those in Eukarya

3) Bonds of lipids in membranes in bacteria and Archae are different

4) Development and compisition of Flagellae are also different

Front 39

What conclusion came from these differences?

Back 39

Agreed Archea and Bacteria evolved separately and the Archea is more closely related to Eukarya then Bacteria

Front 40

What is Variation?

Back 40

The differenes between individuals

Front 41

What is Intraspecific variation?

Back 41

Variation within a species

Front 42

What is interspecific variation?

Back 42

Variation between different species

Front 43

What is continuous variation?

Back 43

When the individuals in the population vary within a range, There are no distinct categories. Can very from two extremes with all possible intermediate forms. Usually caused by genes and environment and produces a bell shaped graph

Front 44

Give examples where continous variation arises?

Back 44

Height, mass, surface area of leaves, width, length etc

Front 45

What is discontinous variation?

Back 45

When there are two or more catagories-each individual falls into only one of these catagories with no intermediates. Normal caused by a single gene

Front 46

Give examples where discontinious varitaion arises?

Back 46

Blood groups, hair colour, eye colour, anti biotic resistant, seed shape

Front 47

What are the causes of variation?

Back 47

Genes, environment and both

Front 48

What are 'alleles'?

Back 48

A different version of a gene

Front 49

What does an allele determine?

Back 49

An organisms genotype

Front 50

What do differences in genotype cause?

Back 50

Variation of phenotype between organisms

Front 51

What are environmental factors that cause variation?

Back 51

Climate, food, lifestyle, culture, country e,g accents

Front 52

What does it mean for both genetic and environmental factors to cause variation?

Back 52

Genes determine the characteristics an organism is born with whereas environmental factors determine how an organism developes

Front 53

What shape of graph is formed when there are values either side of the mean?

Back 53

A bell shaped graph

Front 54

What distrubution does a bell graph show and what does it look like?

Back 54

Normal distribution-symmetrical about the mean

Front 55

What does standard deviation tell us?

Back 55

How much values in a single sample vary-the measure of values about the mean

Front 56

If there is a small standard deviation but normal distrubution of values, what would a graph look like?

Back 56

A normal bell shaped graph, but steep

Front 57

Why do we take a sample instead of the whole population of a species?

Back 57

Impossible to gather entire population of a species

Front 58

Why does the sample need to be large?

Back 58

So it's representitive of the population and to easily identify anomalies

Front 59

Why is a sample chosen at random?

Back 59

To avoid bias

Front 60

Why is standard deviation more useful than using the range of a sample?

Back 60

SD takes into account all values whereas the range only uses two. Range is also more likely to be effected by anomalous result

Front 61

What are adaptations?

Back 61

The features an organisms has to increase its chances of survival, to reproduces and to produce fertile offspring

Front 62

What are the three types of adaptation?

Back 62

Behavourial, Physiological, Anatomical

Front 63

What are behavourial adaptations?

Back 63

The ways an organism acts to increase it's chance survival

Front 64

Give an example of a behavourial adaptation?

Back 64

Possums play dead when being threatend to avoid attack-increasing chances of survival

Front 65

What are physiological adaptations?

Back 65

Processes inside an organisms body that increase it's chance of survival

Front 66

Give an example of a physiological adaptation?

Back 66

Brown bears hibernate in winter so they lower their metabolic rate over to conserve energy-dont need to look for food when it's scarce

Front 67

What are anatomical adaptations?

Back 67

Structural features of am organisms body

Front 68

Give an example of an anatomical adaptation?

Back 68

Otters are streamlined-easier to glide through water to catch prey or escape predators-increasing chances of survival

Front 69

What is convergent evolution?

Back 69

When 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently from one another

Front 70

What causes convergent evolution?

Back 70

When two different species live in similar environments and have similar niches

Front 71

What are the two types of mammals that have experienced convergent evolution?

Back 71

Marsupial and Placental mammals

Front 72

Compare the gestation periods of placental and marsupial mammals?

Back 72

Marsupial: Short gestation period

Placental: Longer gestation period

Front 73

Which type of mammal develops a full placenta?

Back 73

Placental mammals-allowes exchange of nutrients and waste products between fetus and mother during pregnancy

Front 74

How do Marsupial mammals 'give birth'?

Back 74

Offspring are born early and clim into mothers pouch-become attached to a teat and recieve milk while they develop

Front 75

What are the 6 adaptations of the marsupial and placental mole?

Back 75

1) Small/non-existent eyes (don't need to see underground)

2) no external ears-streamlined head for borrowing

3) Scoop-shaped powerful front paws for digging

4) Claws specialised for digging

5) Tube shaped body and cone shaped head easier to push through sand and soil

Front 76

What were Darwin's 4 observations?

Back 76

1) Organisms produce more offspring that survive

2) There's variation in the charcteristics of members of the same species

3) Some of these charcteristcs can be passed on from one generation to the next

4) Individuals that are best adapted of their environment survive

Front 77

State The theory of Natural Selection

(HINT: 5 points)

Back 77

1) Individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes due to DNA mutations

2) Selection pressures (e.g predation,disease) create a struggle to survive

3) Individuals with better adaptations to survive to reproduce and pass on alleles to their offspring

4) Overtime, the proportion of the population that posses the advantageous allele increases

5) Leads to evolution as favourable adaptation is common in population

Front 78

What species is a common example of recent evolution in 1700-1800s?

Back 78

Peppered moths

Front 79

Who also contributed to the theory of evolution?

Back 79

Alfred Wallace Russel

Front 80

What evidence is their to support evolution?

Back 80

Fossil records, Molecular evidence

Front 81

What are pesticides?

Back 81

Chemicals that kill insects

Front 82

What are examples of insects which have become pesticide resistant?

Back 82

Mosquito's and DDT

Pollen bettles and pyrethroid pesticides

Front 83

What are the 6 impacts pesticide resistant insects have of humans?

Back 83

1) Infestations of pesticides resistant insects would be harder to control

2) Take a while to determine which pesticide would work

3) In this time many crops could be destroyed

4) Broader pesticides may kill beneficial insects

5)If insect carries disease, this disease could spread

6) May damage food chain

Front 84

Name the anti-biotic resistant bacteria?

Back 84

MRSA (Staphylecol bacteria)

Front 85

What are the implications of anti-biotic resistant bacteria?

Back 85

1) Hard to treat

2) take time to figure out which anti-biotics might work

3) In that time patient may become ill

4) New anti-biotics need to be continually developed which takes time and money

Front 86

What is an 'autotrophic' organism?

Back 86

converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules itself e.g Plants photosynthesise

Front 87

What is an 'Heterotrophic' organsim?

Back 87

makes organic molecules from other organic molecules (needs to eat)

Front 88

What is an 'saprophytic' organism?

Back 88

They secrete enzymes to digest organic molcules outside the body and absorb organic molecules e.g Mushrooms

Front 89

Define 'Species'

Back 89

The smallest taxonomic group. Consists of very similar organisms which a capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Front 90

What is the unpaired students t-test used for?

Back 90

To test whether there is a significant difference between 2 means

Front 91

What are the conditions of the data to be able to use this test?

Back 91

Must be a normal distrubtuion and the sample must be large enough to produce a reliable mean

Front 92

Define 'Homologous structures'

Back 92

Existence of shared features that are used for different functions which are inherited from a common ancestor e.g bat wing, human arm

Front 93

Define 'Divergent evolution'

Back 93

Two different species share the same ancestral origins but have evolved differently

Front 94

What does the Chi-squared test determine?

Back 94

If the probability that any differences between observed and expected results are due to chance