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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classification
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The process of sorting organisms into groups |
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Taxonomy
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Used for classification into hierarchical groups or taxa
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What are the seven groups of taxonomy? |
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Keep penis clean or forget good sex |
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Why do we classify organisms? |
-Predict characteristics -Find evolutionary links |
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How do we name organisms? What is it called?
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Binomial nomenclature |
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In the past what did the classification system based on and how many kingdoms?
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2 Kingdoms Animal and Plants |
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What is the modern classification system based on and how many kingdoms name them?
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Biochemistry 5= Prokaryote, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia |
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What are the advantages of the binomial nomenclature system?
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-Tell which group it has come from -Unique name avoids confusion -Evolutionary links |
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Name general features of Prokaryotae?
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-Unicellular -No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles -No visible feeding mechanism |
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Name general features of Protoctista?
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-Mainly unicellular -Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles -Some have Chloroplasts -Some are sessile some move by cilia flagella -Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis |
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Name general features of Fungi?
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-Nucleus, organelles cell wall -No chloroplast, chlorophyll, mechanism for locomotion -Nutrients acquired by absorption -Store food as glycogen |
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Name general features of Plantae?
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-Nucleus, organelles -All contain chlorophyll -Most do not move -Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis -Store food as starch |
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Name general features of Animalia?
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-Nucleus, organelle -No chloroplast -Move -Nutrients acquired by ingestion -Food stored as glycogen |
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Are there now six kingdoms? |
Domain is a further layer of classification above. |
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What are the three domains? |
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya |
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Name some features of Eukaryotes? |
RNA polymerase 12 proteins |
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Name some features of Archaea? |
RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins |
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Name some features of Bacteria? |
70s Ribosomes RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins Different mechanism for DNA replication Different cell structure membrane |
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Name some similarities between Archaea and Eukaryotes? |
Similar mechanisms for DNA replication Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA |
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Name some properties of Archaebacteria?
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Live in extreme environments hot vents anaerobic and acidic conditions |
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Name some properties of Eubacteria?
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Found in all environments some archaebacteria are different chemically so use 6 kingdom system |
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How can Cytochrome C be used for classification and role in living things?
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Used in respiration |
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How can DNA be used in classification? |
Compare DNA sequence how closely related sequence depends on how closely related the species is |
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How can Haemoglobin be used in classification? |
Similar sequence of amino acids more closely related then they are related. Humans and Chimps both have 8 |
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What is phylogeny?
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-Closeness of relationships -Used for natural classification |
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What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?
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-Avoids implementing different groups within the same rank -Allows classification based solely on molecular data |
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How did Darwin develop his theory of evolution? |
Observed finches in the Galapagos islands and found that beaks and claws were different shapes adapted to each island. Spent species back to UK so other scientists could collect data. Wallace and Darwin worked together on origin of species |
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What is the evidence for evolution? |
Comparative anatomy Comparative biochemistry |
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What is planetology? |
Study of fossil |
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What is the evidence provided by the fossil records? |
-Sequence of organisms matches ecological links plants before animals -Study anatomy of organisms see how closely related and how they have evolved -Allow relationships between extinct and living organisms |
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What is comparative anatomy?
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Study of similarities and differences between organism structures |
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What is homologous structure?
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Appears different and may have different functions but has the same underlying structure |
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What is divergent evolution? |
Proved by presence of homologous structure must have had a common ancestor but different selection pressures for adapted features.
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What is a pentadactyl limb? |
limb with 5 digits |
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What is comparative biochemistry? |
The study of similarities and differences between biological molecules |
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What is interspecific competition? |
Competition between animals of different species |
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What is intraspecific competition?
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Competition between animals of the same species |
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What is discontinuous variation?
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Variation with discrete groups of phenotypes
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What is continuous variation? |
Variation with full range of phenotypes
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What are the genetic causes of variation?
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2)Mutations-changes to DNA sequence 3)Meiosis- independent assortment and crossing over 4)Sexual reproduction-Offspring inherits genes 5)Chance- different gametes produced from parental genome chance which two combines |
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What are the environmental causes of variation?
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-Scars are not inherited |
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Name the features of continuous data? |
-Non discrete categories -Quantative -Controlled by a lot of genes -Strongly influenced by environment eg. Height, surface area of leaf, Mass |
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Name the features of discontinuous data?
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-Qualative -Controlled by few genes -Little or no effected by environment eg. number of petals, eyecolour, singing/silent |
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What is standard deviation?
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Spread of data |
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What is the students T test? |
Compare the mean values of two sets of data |
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Name the three types of adaptions? |
Anatomical, behavioural and physiological |
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What is adaption? |
Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival |
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What is anatomical adaptions?
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Physical features |
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Name some examples of anatomical adaptions? |
-Camouflage -Mimicry=copy another animals appearance or sounds -Teeth=shape and size adapted to diet |
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What is behavioural adaptions?
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Way organisms acts |
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Name some examples of behavioural adaptions? |
-Courtship=elaborate courtship behaviour to attract a mate -Seasonal behaviours hibernation or migration when cold |
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What is innate behaviour?
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Ability to do something in genes |
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What is learned behaviour? |
Adaptions from experience |
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What is physiological adaptions?
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Processes that take place inside an organism |
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Name some physiological adaptions?
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-Antibiotic production= Kill bacteria in surrounding area -Water holding |
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Name some adaptions marram grass has?
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-Hairs on inside to trap moisture -Stomata sunken into pits less likely to lose water -Thick waxy cuticle reduces water loss |
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What is analogous structure?
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Adapted to perform same function different genetic origin |
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What is convergent evolution? |
Two unrelated species begin to share similar traits |
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Give an example of convergent evolution?
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Marsupial and placenta mole- both burrow, similar size mass but different fur colour. Placenta mole has grey fur while marsupial mole has white to orange fur
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Natural selection is a Very clear simple idea
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Competition--> Selection pressure give example Selection--> More likely to survive with allele Inheritance--> Alleles are inherited, change in allele frequency over many generations |
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What is Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aures MRSA?
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Developed resistance to antibiotics Over time the number of resistant-individuals in the population increases |
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What is peppered moths? |
Industrial revolution turned trees darker so dark moths bother adapted Clean air act increased the frequency of the pale allele in moth gene pool increased |
