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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What term describes the structure of DNA? What scientists first described this structure?
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Double helix
Watson and Crick |
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What 3 things make up a nucleotide of DNA?
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sugar(Deoxyribose)
phosphate nitrogen base |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA and how do they pair?
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Thymine - Adenine
Guanine - Cytocine |
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What is the complementary strand of the DNA given?
TACCTAATGCAGACTG |
TACGTAATGCGCAGACTG
ATGCATTACGCGTCTGAC |
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What is a gene?
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One piece of DNA that codes for a protein
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What does RNA stand for?
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Ribonucleic acid
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases of RNA and how do they pair?
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Uracil - Adenine
Guanine - Cytocine |
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What are the 3 types of RNA?
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Messenger RNA(mRNA)
Transfer RNA(tRNA) Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) |
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What is the function of mRNA?
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mRNA replicates a single strand of DNA into RNA
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What is the function of tRNA?
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tRNA translates the three-letter codons of mRNA to the amino acids that make up proteins
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What is the function of rRNA?
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rRNA along with proteins make up the ribosome
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What is transcription?
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Transcription is the process in which the mRNA replicates a strand of DNA into RNA
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Where does the mRNA go after it leaves the nucleus?
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To the ribosome
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What is translation?
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Translation is when the sequence of mRNA is decoded into amino acids by the tRNA
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What are the 3 bases of tRNA called that complement the mRNA?
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anticodons
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What amino acid always starts a protein?
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Methionine
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What are 3 possible codons that end an mRNA strand?
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UAA, UAG, and UGA
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What is the difference between a mutation and a mutagen?
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A mutagen is anything that causes mutations while a mutation is the actual change in the DNA
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What are some common mutagens?
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Smoking, X-rays, UV rays, and sometimes saccharin
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What are monosomy and trisomy?
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Monosomy is when one chromosome is missing
Trisomy is when an extra chromosome is present |
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What is a polyploidy and how is it beneficial in plants?
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Polyploidy is when an extra set of chromosomes is present. It is beneficial for plants because it allows them to grow extra large and not rot as fast ect.
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What is a chromosomal deletion?
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When part of a chromosome is missing
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What is chromosomal inversion?
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When part of a chromosome is flipped
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What is chromosomal translocation?
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When part of a chromosome is broken off of one chromosome and attached to another
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What is another name for a point mutation?
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base substitution
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Because base deletions and insertions change the frame in which the mRNA is read they are called...
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frame shift mutations
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What falls under the category of pyrimidines
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thymine and cytosine
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What category do thymine and cytosine fall under
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pyrimidines
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What falls under the category of purines
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adenine and guanine
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What category the adenine and guanine fall under
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purines
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What enzymes make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand?
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DNA polymerases
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What are DNA polymerases
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enzymes which make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand
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What are introns
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introns are strands of RNA that are just jumbled and are useless as far as we know
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What are exons
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exons are parts of a gene that remain in the mRNA after the introns are separated and will be translated
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