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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fission |
- Separationof a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size |
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Budding: |
New individuals arise from outgrowthsof existing ones |
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Parthogenesis |
Eggdevelops without being fertilized; progeny can be either haploid or diploid |
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Asexual Reproduction |
- Advantageous in stable, favorable environmentsbecause it perpetuates successful genotypes - Two-Step Process of fragmentation and regeneration |
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Fragmentation |
breakingof the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults |
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regeneration |
regrowthof lost body parts |
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“twofoldcost” |
sexualfemales have half as many daughters as asexual females; this is the __________ of sexual reproduction |
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- Increase in offspring variation (leads to reproductive success) - Increase in rate of adaptation - Elimination of harmful genes from population |
Sexual reproduction results in genetic recombination, which provides 3 potential advantages |
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estrouscycle |
- theendometrium (layer of the uterus) is reabsorbed at the end of the cycle. –Somespecies still show a small bleed (often pre-cycle) which means they are fertile –Thefemales are not sexually active during certain seasons. Reproductiveorgans literally change shape or alignment. |
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hermaphroditism |
Eachindividual has male and female reproductive systems so two of them can mate or even one of them can self-fertilize |
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fertilization |
•theunion of egg and sperm, play an important part in sexual reproduction |
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Copulation |
- Doesn't exactly mean internal fertilization, but it refers to when sperm enters the female's body |
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cloaca |
commonopening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, andreproductive systemscommonin nonmammalian vertebrates |
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Monogamy |
- relativelyrare among animals - somespecies have evolved mechanisms to decrease the chance of their mate matingwith another individualand cansometimes influence the relative reproductive success of their mates |
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corpusluteum |
secretesestradioland progesterone that helps to maintain pregnancy. progesterone helpsimplantation to uterine wall. Tells egg to grow and stay there |
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Placenta |
- Eventually takes over progesterone release if implantation occurs |
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Progesterone |
- 2 days after corpus luteum forms, the lack of this hormone causes endometrium to start sloughing off if egg is not fertilized |
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Endometriosis |
-A disorder in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside the uterus. - Lininggetting aggravated and inflamed. Don’t want it to be vascularized. |
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hysterectomy |
a surgical operation to remove all or part of the uterus. |
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Leydigcells |
Stimulated by LH, scattered in connective tissue between the tubules,produces testosterone and other androgens, which promote spermatogenesis in thetubules |
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Epididymis |
stores the mature sperm cells. Where theactual muscular contraction occurs to ejaculate |
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Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Gland |
Semen is composed of sperm plus secretionsfrom three sets of accessory glands What are they? |
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Seminal Vesicles
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- Contribute about 60% to total semen volume
- Thick, yellowish and alkaline fluid. And mucus, sugar fructose whichprovides sperm's energy, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid and localregulators called prostaglandins. |
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prostategland |
Produces fluid that is thin,milky with anticoagulant enzymes and citrate (sperm nutrient). |
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bulbourethral glands |
- Produces fluid that is a clearmucus that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in the urethra |
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–Allfour products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomesan egg –Spermatogenesisoccurs throughout adolescence and adulthood –Spermare produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis |
3 ways Spermatogenesis differs from Oogenesis |
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1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Fertilization |
In Oogenesis, the __1__ oocyte that is present at birth is arrest in prophase of Meiosis 1. Completes Meiosis 1 by the time it is ovulated, when it is called a __2__ oocyte. It is arrested at metaphase of Meiosis II until __3__ occurs. |
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Gonadotropin-releasinghormone (GnRH) |
secretedby the hypothalamus and directs the release of FSH and LH from the anteriorpituitary |
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LH |
targetscorpus luteum. Causes follicle cell to release egg/ovulate |
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Estrogen
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- Follicles produce _____, its high levels targets hypothalamus to produce LH surge |
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Corpus luteum |
- Produces estrogen and progesterone to promote endothelium thickening and inhibits hypothalamus FSH and LH |
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Sertolicells |
- Stimulatedby FSH, located within the seminiferous tubules, to nourish developing sperm - Secrete inhibin which reduces FSH secretion from anterior pituitary |
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1. GnRH 2. FSH 3. LH 4. Sertoli Cellls 5. Leydig Cells 6. Inhibin 7. Testosterone |
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