Biology Chp. 32 Animal Diversity

Front 1

- Multicellular eukaryotes

- Heterotrophic

- Embryonic tissues

Back 1

Describe 3 characteristics of animals

Front 2

- New predatory-prey relationships

- Rise in atmospheric oxygen

- Evolution of Hox gene complex

Back 2

3 Potential Hypothesis regarding the cause of the Cambrian explosion

Front 3

Ediacaran

Back 3

Era represented by mainly sponge organisms and jellyfish

Front 4

Hox gene

Back 4

Gene that determines anterior-posterior development and other morphological characters

Front 5

Grade

Back 5

Characteristic that is there, but doesn't make for a good group; useless

- Just concerned with what you look like and puts you into this 'group'

Front 6

Grades may look alike but have different evolutionary history, clades may not look alike but have same evolutionary history

Back 6

Difference between grade and clade?

Front 7

Asymmetry (No direction)
Radial (Anterior, Posterior)
Bilateral (Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior, Posterior)

Back 7

List the 3 Types of Symmetry and their directions

Front 8

Ectoderm

Back 8

- Outermost germ layer that covers embryo's outer surface

Front 9

Endoderm

Back 9

Innermost germ layer that lines digestive tube

Front 10

Archenteron

Back 10

Another word for the digestive tube?

Front 11

Mesoderm

Back 11

Germ layer that forms coelom, muscles

Front 12

Diploblasts

Back 12

- Have 2 Layer Tissue (Ectoderm and Endoderm)

- Consists of cnidarians (jellies)

Front 13

Triploblast

Back 13

- Have 3 Layer Tissues (Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm)

- Consists of bilaterians

- Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate

Front 14

Sponges

Back 14

- Basal animal that lack true tissues

Front 15

Coelomates

Back 15

- Body cavity derived from mesoderm on both sides

Front 16

Acoelomate

Back 16

- Organs are attached to solid tissue from lack of body cavity

Front 17

Pseudocoelomate

Back 17

- Cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

Front 18

Grade

Back 18

Coelomate and Pseudocoelomates are within the same grade/clade?

Front 19

Protostome

Back 19

- Cleavage to Blastula: Spiral and determinate

- Coelom: Forms from mesoderm masses on each side

- Blastopore: Forms mouth

Front 20

Deuterostome

Back 20

- Cleavage to Blastula: Radial and indeterminate

- Coelom: Archenteron folds to form coelom

- Blastopore: Forms anus

Front 21

Gastrulation

Back 21

- Describes the process of inward folding of the hollow blastula to form blastopore

Front 22

1. Animals share common ancestor

2. Sponges are basal animals

3. Eumetazoa: "true tissue" animal clade

4. Most animals are bilaterians

5. Chordates are deuterostomia

Back 22

5 Agreements between the Morphological and Molecular Hypothesis for Phylogeny

Front 23

Ecdysozoan

Back 23

- Animal clade that sheds exoskeletons

- Have cuticle: hardened outer layer

Ex: Nematoda, arthropoda

Front 24

Lophotrochozoan

Back 24

- Animal clade with unique feeding structures that look like cilia

- Some have unique trochophore larva stage

Ex: Platyhelminths, mollusca, annelid

Front 25

- Ecdysozoan

- Lophotrochozoan

Back 25

2 Groups Derived from the Molecular Hypothesis of Phylogeny

Front 26

Cambrian Explosion

Back 26

Animals becoming terrestrial, vertebrates emerge during which time period?

Front 27

Mesozoic Era

Back 27

Characteristic of what era?
- Coral reefs
- Dominant terrestrial vertebrates: Dinosaurs
- Flowering plants
- Insect diversity
- Mammals emerge

Front 28

Cenozoic Era

Back 28

Characteristic of which era?

- Mass extinctions of terrestrial/marine animals

- Larger mammals

- Global climate cooled

Front 29

Body Plan

Back 29

- Set of morphological and developmental traits

Ex: Symmetry, tissues, body cavity

Front 30

Cephalization

Back 30

"Head development"

Particularly in bilaterians

Front 31

Tissues

Back 31

Collections of specialized cells isolated by membranous layers

Clusters each cell type to own spot

Front 32

Being multicellular alone does not mean it comprises a tissue. Different types of cells are scattered without unifying function.

Back 32

Describe why sponges don't have "true tissues" although they are multicellular

Front 33

Deuterostome and Eukarya

Protostome and Prokarya

Back 33

Deuterostome

Protostome

Eukarya

Prokarya

Which ones are "good" clades? Which were thrown out from new innovation/from being paraphyletic?

Front 34

Morphological (Protostomia)

Back 34

Which hypothesis (molecular and morphological) groups annelids and arthropods as sister taxons, and leaves platyhelminthes as an outgroup?

Front 35

1. Ecdysozoa
2. Cuticle
3. Molecular

Back 35

The arthropoda and nematoda phyla belong in the ____1____ group, and share a physical outer structure called the __2__, which is also a ___3___ homology.

Front 36

Platyhelminth

Mollusca

Annelid

Rotifera

Back 36

4 Main Phyla that will be studied in the Lophotrochozoa group?