Biology Chapters 1-4

Front 1

Atom

Back 1

Smallest unit of mater

Front 2

Element

Back 2

A pure substance made of only one type of atom

Front 3

Compound

Back 3

A substance made by combining 2 or more different elements

Front 4

Molecule

Back 4

2 or more atoms held together in a bond where electrons are shared (covalent bond0

Front 5

Ion

Back 5

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

Front 6

Matter

Back 6

Anything that occupies space, has mass (weight) and is composed of atoms

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

Organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the key source of energy found in most foods.

Front 8

Monosaccharides

Back 8

Building block of carbs (single sugar) Ex: Glucose

Front 9

Disaccharides

Back 9

Double sugar formed when monosaccharides join Ex: Sucrose ( combined glucose and fructose)

Front 10

Polysaccharides

Back 10

chains of 3 or more monosaccharides Ex: starch (in plants) glycogen (in humans)

Front 11

Macromolecule

Back 11

Large molecule formed by many smaller molecules

Front 12

Cellulose

Back 12

Polysaccharide that provides plants with structural support; found in the cell wall

Front 13

Lipids

Back 13

Nonpolar molecules that aren't soluble in water Ex: Fats, phosholipids, steroids and waxes

Front 14

Fats

Back 14

Store energy, 3 fatty acids (long chain of carbon and hydrogen bonds) joined to glycerol, 3 carbon molecule, can be saturated or unsaturated

Front 15

Proteins

Back 15

Large molecules formed by linked smaller molecules (amino acids)

Front 16

Amino Acid

Back 16

Building block of proteins. There are 20 different ones, some polar/nonpolar, can act as enzymes

Front 17

Nucleic Acids

Back 17

A long chain of smaller molecules (nucleotides)

Front 18

Nucleotides

Back 18

Front 19

DNA

Back 19

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, double helix structure, contained in chomosomes, blueprint to the body, made of nucleotides

Front 20

RNA

Back 20

Ribonucleic Acid, single strand of nucleotides, can act as an enzyme

Front 21

ATP

Back 21

Adenosine TRIphosphate, single nucleotide wtih 2 extra energy storing phosphate groups, stores energy temporally, steady supply is needed for cells to function.

Front 22

Energy

Back 22

Ability to move/ change matter. Needed for: Metabolism, Building cell structures, Creating proteins, Transforming material in/out of cells

Front 23

Chemical Reaction

Back 23

A+B-C (A&b are reactants, while C is a product). When bonds can be broken (energy required) or formed (energy released)

Front 24

Metabolism

Back 24

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a n organism to generate energy. Need energy to begin, energy comes form converting food energy to cell energy

Front 25

Activation Energy

Back 25

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Front 26

Enzyme

Back 26

Substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction by reducing amount of activation energy (Protein)

Front 27

Substrate

Back 27

Substance that an enzyme acts on in a reaction, action determined by shape

Front 28

Active Site

Back 28

Folds on an enzyme that only certain substrates fit in to.

Front 29

Bases

Back 29

Have a Ph from 8-14, form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, neutralize acids

Front 30

Acid

Back 30

Have a Ph from 0-6, forms hydrogen bonds when dissolved in water, neutralize bases

Front 31

Cohesion

Back 31

Attraction between two of the same substances

Front 32

Adhesion

Back 32

Attraction between two different substances

Front 33

Nonpolar

Back 33

Covalent bonds that share equally, have no charge, and don't dissolve in water

Front 34

Polar

Back 34

Covalent bonds that share, but one has more than the other, soluble in water

Front 35

Solution

Back 35

Mixture of evenly distributed substances

Front 36

Biology

Back 36

The study of life

Front 37

Cell

Back 37

Highly organized, tiny structure with thing coverings called membranes, smallest unit capable of all life functions.

Front 38

Reproduction

Back 38

Process by which organisms make more of their own kind.

Front 39

Metabolism

Back 39

Sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism (how it converts everything to energy)

Front 40

Homeostasis

Back 40

Maintenance of internal stable conditions inspite of changes in the external environment.

Front 41

Gene

Back 41

Basic unit of heredity in a DNA molecule.

Front 42

Heredity

Back 42

Passing of traits from parent to offspring.

Front 43

Ecology

Back 43

Branch of biology that studies interaction between organisms and environment.

Front 44

Observation

Back 44

Perception of an object or event using the senses

Front 45

Hypothesis

Back 45

Statement that can be tested, accepted or rejected.

Front 46

Prediction

Back 46

Expected outcome of an expirement.

Front 47

Experiment

Back 47

Planned procedure used to test a hypothesis.

Front 48

Control Group

Back 48

Receives no experimental treatment.

Front 49

Independent Variable

Back 49

The factor that CHANGES.

Front 50

Dependent Variable

Back 50

Factor that is measured or DOESN'T CHANGE.

Front 51

Theory

Back 51

Set of related hypotheses that have been confirmed.

Front 52

Prokaryotic

Back 52

A small cell w/o a nucleus and internal components (bacteria).

Front 53

Eukaryotic

Back 53

A larger, more complex cell with a nucleus and organelles (plant, animal, protist, or fungi

Front 54

Organelle

Back 54

Internal components of a cell that carry out specific functions.

Front 55

Robert Hooke

Back 55

The first man to look/ name cells under a very simple microscope.

Front 56

Cell theory

Back 56

1. All cells come from existing cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
3. All living things are made up of one or more cells

Front 57

Nucleus

Back 57

Boss of the cell and holds the cell's DNA.

Front 58

Cytoplasm

Back 58

Cell's interior (gel like)

Front 59

Mitochondria

Back 59

Takes energy from organic compounds to make ATP.

Front 60

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 60

Moves proteins made by ribosomes.

Front 61

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 61

Lacks ribosomes, makes lipids, and breaks down toxic substances.

Front 62

Gogli Appartaus

Back 62

Processes proteins then packages them into new vesicles.

Front 63

Ribosomes

Back 63

Make proteins.

Front 64

Cell Membrane

Back 64

Cell's boundary, selectively permeable, made up of a lipid bilayer- polar phosphate groups and 2 fatty acids.

Front 65

Chromosomes

Back 65

DNA and proteins associated with DNA

Front 66

Cillia

Back 66

Tail like things on the outside of a eukaryotic cell that are used to move/ direct the cell

Front 67

Flagella

Back 67

One long tail on a prokaryotic cell that is used to direct and move a cell.

Front 68

Chloroplast

Back 68

Organelle found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll (stuff that makes cell green) and produces carbs (food) for the cell through photosynthesis.

Front 69

Central Vacuole

Back 69

Plant cell organelle that stores the cell's nutrients and waste. When full makes the cell rigid and allows it to stand upright.

Front 70

Cell Wall

Back 70

Found on plant cells, thick outer wall that provides additional shape and protection.`

Front 71

Passive Transport

Back 71

Movement across a cell membrane that doesn't require energy.
(Goes down the concentration gradient- goes from high conc. to low conc.)

Front 72

Active Transport

Back 72

Movement across a cell membrane that requires energy (Moves against concentration gradient- goes from low conc. to high conc.)

Front 73

Diffusion

Back 73

Random motion of substances from high to low concentration. (Passive Transport)

Front 74

Osmosis

Back 74

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. (Passive Transport)

Front 75

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 75

Use of carrier proteins to move large molecules across the membrane down the conc. gradient (Passive Transport)

Front 76

Sodium- Potassium

Back 76

Uses a carrier protein that transports 3 NaCl+ out of a cell and 2 K+ into the cell. (Active Transport)

Front 77

Endocytosis

Back 77

Movement of a larger substance into a cell by a vesicle. (Active Transport)

Front 78

Phagocytosis

Back 78

Bringing in another cell/organism to the cell. (endocytosis)

Front 79

Pinocytosis

Back 79

Bringing in a liquid that contains dissolved particles to the cell. (endocytosis)

Front 80

Exocytosis

Back 80

Movement out of the cell by a vesicle. (passive Transport)