Biology Chapter 9

Front 1

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

Back 1

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 2

What stage produces 34-36 of the 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule?

Back 2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 3

What stage produces FADH2?

Back 3

Citric Acid Cycle

Front 4

What stage consumes oxygen and produces water?

Back 4

Glycolysis

Front 5

What stage Produces carbon dioxide?

Back 5

Citric Acid Cycle specifically pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Front 6

Identify the process

Diffusion of protons uses energy in a proton gradient that drives ATP energy

Back 6

Chemiosmosis

Front 7

Identify the process

The set of proteins that uses proton concentration gradient to synthesize ATP

Back 7

ATP Synthase

Front 8

Identify the process

A sequence of electron carriers that shuttle electrons and pump protons

Back 8

Electron Transport Chain

Front 9

What is Cellular Respiration?

Back 9

The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway.

Consumes oxygen and organic molecules such as glucose

Yields ATP

Front 10

How do catabolic pathways yeild energy?

Back 10

Through the transfer of electrons

Front 11

What is Redox Reactions?

Back 11

The transfer of electrons from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction.

Front 12

What happens in oxidation?

Back 12

A substance loses electrons or is oxidized
Oxidizers (=oxidizing agent) gain electrons

A substance loses electrons or is oxidized
Reducers (reducing agents) lose electrons or fuel

Front 13

What happens in reduction?

Back 13

What is gained from the electrons?

A substance gains electrons or is reduced

Front 14

What happens during cellular respiration?

Back 14

Blucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

Front 15

What is glycolysis?

Back 15

The breakdown of glucose (6 carbon) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon)

Front 16

What is the Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 16

Completion of the breakdown of glucose.

Front 17

What is Oxidative Phosphyrolation?

Back 17

Driven by the electron transport chain in the mitochondiral membranes. The creation of ATP.

Front 18

What does Glycolysis do?

Back 18

Breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

Means "splitting sugar"

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Front 19

What does the Citric Acid Cycle do?

Back 19

completes the energy-yeilding oxidation of organic molecules.

Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion

Before the citric acid cycle can begin pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA

Front 20

What does Oxidative Phosphorylation do?

Back 20

Several coupled processes:

Electron Transport

Chemisosmosis

ATP Synthesis

NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers from stages 1 and 2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain

Front 21

What is the electron transport chain?

Back 21

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps. At the end of the chain, electrons are passed to oxygen forming water

Electron transfer causes protein complexes to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

Front 22

What is the resulting H+ gradient in the Electron Transfer Chain?

Back 22

An electrochemical gradient

Stores Energy

Referred to as a "proton-motive force"

Drives Chemiosmosis

Front 23

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 23

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of the H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Involves diffusion of protons

Drives ATP Synthase (ase means enzyme) which is the enzyme that actually makes ATP

Front 24

What is the name of the enzyme that actually makes ATP?

Back 24

ATP Synthase

Front 25

Steps in Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 25

Electron Transport

Chemiosmosis

ATP Synthase

Front 26

How much ATP is yeilded in the 3 stages?

Back 26

A total of 36-38 ATP

32-34 ATP from Oxidative Phosphorylation

4 from Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Front 27

Substrate level Phosphorylation adding Phosphate

Back 27

Enzymes in the Cytoplasm
Simple reactions in glycolysis, citric acid cycle

No oxygen required, low yeid of ATP

Front 28

Oxidative Phosphorylation level Phosphorylation adding Phosphate

Back 28

Membranes in the mitochondria

Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

Requires Oxygen - high yield ATP

Front 29

What is fermentation?

Back 29

A type of anaerobic respiration

cells produce ATP through aerobic cellular respiration

In the absence of oxygen
Cells can still produce ATP through fermentation

Front 30

IMPORTANT
Glycolysis and citric acid cycle produce ATP in aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation) conditions

Back 30

In alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol, CO2 and ATP

In lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to lactate and ATP

Front 31

What does Anaerobic mean?

Back 31

in the absence of oxygen

Cells produce ATP through fermentation

Front 32

What is the advantage of fermentation?

Back 32

There is no need for oxygen

Front 33

What is the disadvantage of fermentation?

Back 33

Doesn't produce as much ATP

Front 34

Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Compared

Back 34

Both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate

Fermentation does not require oxygen but produces less ATP

Aerobic Cellular Respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP

Aerobic Cellular Respiration uses all 3 stages - glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP

Front 35

Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms

Back 35

Cellular respiration is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Why regulate cellular respiration - to slow down or speed up because cellular respiration needs to accomodate changes in metabolism. Too much citrate and too much ATP inhibits cellular respiration until levels are normal again.

Front 36

Cellular Respiration Summary

Back 36

Any ofthe 4 major macromolecule groups can be used in cellular respiration. (Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acides and Lipids)