Biology - Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis

Front 1

Process by which the sun's energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in sugar

Back 1

Photosynthesis

Front 2

Organisms that create their own food

Back 2

Autotrophs

Front 3

Organisms that do not create their own food

Back 3

Heterotrophs

Front 4

Photosynthesis involves these two processes :

Back 4

1) Light Reactions
2) Calvin Cycle

Front 5

During the light reactions, the sun's energy is absorbed by the _____

Back 5

Chlorophyll

Front 6

During the light reactions, _____ temporarily stores the energized electrons

Back 6

NADP+

Front 7

During the light reactions, _____ is split releasing _____

Back 7

1) Water (H2O)
2) Oxygen (O2)

Front 8

Process that generates ATP in the light reactions

Back 8

Photophosphorylation

Front 9

What is photophosphorylation?

Back 9

ADP + P in the presence of light, produces ATP

Front 10

Where do the light reactions take place

Back 10

In the thylakoid

Front 11

CO2 from the air is fixed into organic compounds, then reduced by the addition of electrons

Back 11

Calvin Cycle

Front 12

The power to fix CO2 in the Calvin Cycle comes from _____ and _____ from the light reactions

Back 12

NADPH and ATP

Front 13

Why is sugar made in the Calvin Cycle?

Back 13

Only because of the help of NADPH and ATP from the light reaction

Front 14

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place

Back 14

Stroma

Front 15

Particles of light

Back 15

Photons

Front 16

The shorter the wavelength, the _____ the energy

Back 16

Greater

Front 17

Red, orange, and yellow are _____ and have _____ energy

Back 17

1) Longer
2) Low

Front 18

Blue, indigo, and violet are _____ and have _____ energy

Back 18

1) Shorter
2) High

Front 19

_____ and _____ are the most useful wavelengths for the light reaction, which absorbs them and reflects green

Back 19

1) Blue
2) Red

Front 20

Substance that absorbs visible light

Back 20

Pigments

Front 21

Blue - Green pigment

Back 21

Chlorophyll A

Front 22

Yellow - Green pigment; is converted to chlorophyll A

Back 22

Chlorophyll B

Front 23

Yellow + Orange pigments

Back 23

Carotenoids

Front 24

Why does each pigment have a unique absorption spectrum?

Back 24

Pigments absorb only photons corresponding to specific wavelengths

Front 25

Reaction centers of chlorophyll A

Back 25

Photosystems

Front 26

In a photosystem, electron acceptors and associated proteins are surrounded by an _____ _____

Back 26

Antenna complex

Front 27

The _____ _____ trap the high energy electrons boosted from the chlorophyll before it can return to the ground state

Back 27

Electron acceptors

Front 28

P700

Back 28

Photosystem I

Front 29

P680

Back 29

Photosystem II

Front 30

Why are Photosystem I and Photosystem II named differently?

Back 30

The order of discovery and the wavelength they absorb. Both have chlorophyll A molecules but are associated with different proteins in the chlorophyll molecule

Front 31

In noncyclic electron flow, electrons are not cycled back to the _____

Back 31

Chlorophyll

Front 32

In noncyclic electron flow, _____ excites electrons in chlorophyll A of _____ and boosts the electrons to the primary _____

Back 32

1) Light Energy
2) Photosystem II
3) Acceptor

Front 33

In noncyclic electron flow, H2O gets split and releases O2 and replaces the _____ ______

Back 33

Lost Electrons

Front 34

In noncyclic electron flow, Electrons go down the mini Electron Transport Chain to make _____

Back 34

ATP

Front 35

In noncyclic electron flow, electrons reach the bottom of the ETC and fill the hole in P700 left by _____ ______

Back 35

Excited electrons

Front 36

In noncyclic electron flow, primary acceptors of photosystem I pass electrons to _____, then to _____ _____ to reduce NADP -----> _____

Back 36

1) FD
2) NADP+ reductase
3)NADPH

Front 37

In noncyclic electron flow, ATP = _____ energy

Back 37

Chemical

Front 38

In noncyclic electron flow, NADPH = _____ _____

Back 38

Reducing Pair

Front 39

In cyclic electron flow, electrons cycle back to _____ via the mini _____

Back 39

1) P700
2) Electron Transport Chain

Front 40

Cyclic electron flow generates _____ but not _____

Back 40

1) ATP
2) NADPH

Front 41

Where does the Calvin cycle occur for dark reactions?

Back 41

1) C3 plants
2) C4 plants
3) CAM plants

Front 42

General idea of the calvin cycle is to form _____ from _____

Back 42

1) Sugar
2) CO2

Front 43

The calvin cycle uses _____ as an energy sourse and consumes _____ as a reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar

Back 43

1) ATP
2) NADPH

Front 44

The Calvin cycle produces a _____ and a _____

Back 44

1) 3 carbon sugar
2) glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate (G3P)

Front 45

To produce one molecule of this sugar, the Calvin cycle takes place _____ times and it uses _____

Back 45

1) 3
2) 3 CO2

Front 46

What are the three states of the Calvin Cycle?

Back 46

Carbon fixation, Reduction, Regeneration

Front 47

In carbon fixation, CO2 attaches to _____ to make a 6 carbon compound that quickly splits into 2 molecules of 3 carbon phosphoglycerate

Back 47

RuBP

Front 48

Alternate name of RuBP

Back 48

Rubisco

Front 49

Enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation

Back 49

Rubisco (RuBP)

Front 50

The most abundant protein on Earth

Back 50

Rubisco (RuBP)

Front 51

Each 3 phosphoglycerate receives a phosphate and then a pair of electrons to form G3P in this step

Back 51

Reduction

Front 52

One G3P exits the cycle in Reduction to eventually form the _____, the rest regenerate RuBP

Back 52

Sugar

Front 53

Five G3P molecules are rearranged into RuBP in this step

Back 53

Regeneration

Front 54

Regeneration requires _____ molecules of ATP

Back 54

3

Front 55

For One G3P the Calvin cycle consumes a total of _____ and _____

Back 55

1) 9 ATP
2) 6 NADPH

Front 56

When does photorespiration occur?

Back 56

When there is too much O2 and not enough CO2, and RuBP bonds to the O2 instead of CO2

Front 57

Photorespiration happens on these types of days

Back 57

Hot, bright, arid days

Front 58

During photorespiration, the stomata closes and O2 ________________

Back 58

Builds up in air spaces

Front 59

During photorespiration, O2 enters the _____ cycle and produces a 2 carbon molecule that is broken down to _____

Back 59

1) Calvin
2) CO2

Front 60

In photorespiration, NO _____ and no _____ are produced

Back 60

1) ATP
2) Food

Front 61

2 examples of adaptations to overcome photorespiration

Back 61

1) C4 plants
2) CAM plants

Front 62

How do C4 plants avoid photorespiration?

Back 62

They precede the Calvin cycle with a reaction that incorporates CO2 into 4 carbon campounds in the mesophyll cells (Oxaloacetic acid ---> malic acid)

Front 63

Plants in hot, arid climates that avoid photorespiration

Back 63

C4 plants

Front 64

C4 plants' 4 carbon malate is exported to the bundle sheath cells where they __________ for use in the Calvin cycle. The left over 3 carbon compound is pyruvic acid

Back 64

1) Release CO2

Front 65

PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for _____ than rubisco and it is faster

Back 65

CO2

Front 66

These plants open their stomates at night and incorporate the CO2 into organic acid until day

Back 66

CAM plants

Front 67

CAM plaints convert CO2 back to _____

Back 67

Oxaloacetic acid

Front 68

Cam plants conserve _____ and store CO2 in the vacuoles as organic acids to use in the Calvin cycle

Back 68

H2O

Front 69

Succulent (Water storing) plants, cacti, are normally these types of plants

Back 69

CAM Plants

Front 70

Store CO2 as an organic acid until day

Back 70

CAM Plants

Front 71

Happens when there is not enough CO2 and too much O2

Back 71

Photorespiration

Front 72

Excess O2 builds up in air spaces and O2 bonds to RuBP instead of CO2

Back 72

Photorespiration

Front 73

Does photorespiration produce ATP?

Back 73

No

Front 74

Happens when there is not enough CO2 and too much O2

Back 74

Photorespiration

Front 75

Excess O2 builds up in air spaces and O2 bonds to RuBP instead of CO2

Back 75

Photorespiration

Front 76

Photosynthesis converts light energy into

Back 76

Chemical energy

Front 77

Chemical energy created by photosynthesis is stored in

Back 77

Organic molecules

Front 78

Photosynthesis involves both

Back 78

1) Light reactions
2) Calvin Cycle

Front 79

The Calvin cycle fixes CO2 to _____

Back 79

RuBP

Front 80

In the Calvin cycle, C3 is phosphorylated and reduced to form

Back 80

G3P

Front 81

In the Calvin cycle, G3P is made into

Back 81

Glucose and other carbohydrates

Front 82

In the Calvin Cycle, G3P is rearranged to regenerate _____ using ATP

Back 82

RuBP

Front 83

Light reactions split water to form _____

Back 83

O2

Front 84

In light reactions, energized electrons reduce _____ to _____

Back 84

1) NADP+
2) NADPH

Front 85

In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the _____

Back 85

Electron transport chain

Front 86

In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the ETC and use the mechanism of _____ to generate ATP

Back 86

Chemiosmosis

Front 87

In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the ETC and use the mechanism of chemiosmosis in a process called _____

Back 87

Photophosphorylation

Front 88

Photophosphorylation occurs by _____

Back 88

Chemiosmosis

Front 89

Photophosphorylation is driven by____

Back 89

Light energy

Front 90

Photophosphorylation is driven by light energy, which when absorbed produces _____ _____

Back 90

Excited electrons

Front 91

Photophosphorylation is driven by light energy, which when absorbed produces excited electrons that transfer down the ETC located in the _____ _____

Back 91

Thylakoid Membrane

Front 92

Photophosphorylation occurs by chemiosmosis and involves the formation of _____-_____ _____

Back 92

Proton motive force

Front 93

Photophosphorylation occurs by chemiosmosis and involves the formation of proton motive force from a gradient of _____

Back 93

H+

Front 94

In Photophosphorylation, H+ diffuse back through _____ _____

Back 94

ATP Synthase

Front 95

In Photophosphorylation, ATP synthase drives _____ of _____

Back 95

Phosphorylation of ADP

Front 96

In Photophosphorylation, the phosphorylation of ADP releases _____ into the _____

Back 96

1) ATP
2) Stroma