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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between Prokaryotes ans Eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes - do not contain internal membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes - contain membrane bound organelles |
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Why are eukaryotes generally 100x larger than prokaryotes |
More things in eukaryotes. More complex. |
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A plasma membrane is a ____,______ boundary composed of _________. |
Thin, Flexible... Phospholipids |
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How does the cell membrane maintain Homeostasis? |
Allows nutrients into the cell and waste to leave the cell |
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What is Homeostasis? |
Balance in an organisms internal environment |
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Cytoplasm is the ___-_____ environment inside the cell's _________. |
Semi- fluid... plasma membrane |
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Where do chemical reactions occur in a prokaryote as compared to a eukaryote |
Prokaryotes: cytoplasm Eukaryotes: organelles in cytoplasm |
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The cytoskeleton is a supporting network of _______ located _______ the _______. |
Microtubules (protein fibers)... inside.... cell. |
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What functions does the Cytoskeleton serve within the cell |
¤ Framework for the cell ¤ Anchor for organelles ¤ Assists cell movement |
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The cell wall is a _____,____,_______ that is located on the ______________. |
Thick, rigid, mesh of fibers.... outside of the cell membrane. |
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The cell wall is composed of _________, which is a _____ (type of biological macromolecular) |
Cellulose.... carbohydrate |
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Celia are _____, _______ hair like projections located _______ of the cell. |
Short, numerous... outside |
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What are the three main functions of Celia |
¤ cellular locomotion ¤ feeding- some cells move particles with Celia ¤ waste removal- celia know lungs cells move mucus, bacteria, and other waste products out of the lungs |
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Flagella are ____, ____-____ projections made of ________. |
Long, whip- like... Microtubules |
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What is the main function of flagellum? |
Cellular locomotion |
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The nucleus stores _____, controls _____, and is surrounded by _________. |
DNA.... cell growth.... plasma membrane |
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The nucleolus is located ________ and makes _____. |
In the Nucleus.... RNA. |
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Ribosomes are small, ______________, that make ________. |
Non membrane-bound structures.... proteins |
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How are the proteins different from ribosomes that are free- floating compared to chose that are attached to the ER? |
¤ Free floating are smooth ER (complex carbs and lipid synthesis) ¤ Attached are rough ER ( protein synthesis) |
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The endomplasmic reticulum is a system of ______________. |
Folded sacs and interconnected channels |
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Describe how the rough ER is different from smooth ER |
Rough - ribosomes attached to membrane surface (protein synthesis) Smooth - no ribosomes attached to membrane surface (complex carb and lipid synthesis) |
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The Golgi apparatus is a __________. |
Flattened stack of membranes |
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus |
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins into small sacs called vesicles |
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The vacuoles store ____________ |
Materials within the cytoplasm |
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What is the difference between vacuoles in plant cells and animal cells |
Plant cells - large central vacuoles that store water, preventing the plant from wilting Animal cells - rarely have vacuoles, much smaller than plant vacuoles. More numerous |
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Lysosomes contain enzymes used for ________ |
Digestion |
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Centrioles are organelles that function only during _____ |
Cell division |
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What is the function of the centrioles during cell division |
¤ Spindle fibers form from the centrioles ¤ Organize and move chromosomes during cell division |
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Mitochondria is an organelle that produces ________ through the process of _________. |
Energy (ATP).... Cellular resperation |
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Which structural aspects of the mitochondria allow it to produce energy. |
Highly folded inner membrane allowing to break bonds with sugar |
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Which part of the chloroplast absorbs energy from the sun |
Thylakoids in inner membrane and chlorophyll |
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The chloroplasts are used in the process _________ |
Photosynthesis |
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What is the main component of the plasma membrane? Describe this molecule |
Thin, flexible cell boundary made of Phospholipids |
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What is the function of the proteins in the cell membrane |
Provide pathways for substances |
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What is the function of the cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane |
Keeps membrane fluid |
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What is the function of the carbohydrates in the plasma membrane |
Identify chemical signals from other out between cells |
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Explain the fluid mosiac model for the plasma membrane |
Other molecules (proteins, carbs, etc) move and float around the membrane like tiles in a mosiac |
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How is the plasma membrane selectively permeable |
It allows certain substances to enter the cell while keeping others out (ex. Spaghetti strainer) |
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Passive Transport is the movement of particles across a cell membrane___________ |
Without using energy |
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What are the three types of passive transport |
¤ diffusion ¤ facilitated diffusion ¤ osmosis |
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Diffusion occurs from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration, until it reaches _________. |
High... lower... dynamic equallibriam |
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What is facilitated diffusion |
Movement of materials across the membrane using proteins |
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Osmosis is the diffusion of ___________. |
Water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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What are the two different types of molecules used in facilitated diffusion? How are these molecules different? |
Channel proteins - act as a channel for things to pass through Carrier proteins - proteins that change shape to allow materials to pass through |
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What are the three types of osmotic solutions |
¤ isotonic ¤ hypotonic ¤ hypertonic |
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How is active transport different from passive transport. |
Active - uses energy (low - high) Passive - uses proteins |
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If a particle is too large to pass through the plasma membrane, how does it enter the cell? What is this process called? |
Endocytosis- plasma membrane surrounds large food particle turns into a vacuole that stores the food |
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When wowod exocytosis need to take place within a cell |
When waste needs to be released outside the cell |
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To what did scientists attribute the causes if Disease before the advent of microscopes |
Curses and supernatural spirits |
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What were Anton van Leeuwenhoek's accomplishments |
¤ built and used simple light microscopes ¤ first scientist to observe and describe single celled organisms |
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Describe the tool that Anton van Leeuwenhoek's used to explore the microscopic world |
Simple light microscope ¤ one single lens held on a stand ¤ works like a magnifying glass ¤ uses natural light to view objects |
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What were Robert Hooke's accomplishments. |
Used compound light microscope to study corks and other plants observed small shapes in the cork named these shapes cells after the rooms in a monastery |
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Describe the tool Robert Hooke's used to explore the microscopic world |
Compound Light Microscope ¤ uses series of lenses to magnify objects in steps ¤ uses light to view specimens ¤ can magnify up to 1500x |
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What were Matthias Schleidens accomplishments |
¤ all plants are made of cells ¤ cells are basic unit of life |
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What were Theodor Schwanns accomplishments |
¤ all animals are made of cells ¤ cells are the basic unit of life |
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What were Rudolph Virchows accomplishments |
¤ discovered a prominent structureb in the cell responsible for cell division ¤ nucleus ¤ all cells cone from pre-existing cells |
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What is the definition of a cell |
The basic units of all living organisms |
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What is a cell organelle |
Mostly membrane-bound structures that have specific functions inside the cell |
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Why are electron microscopes an advantage over light microscopes? |
Uses a beam if electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000x |
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What is a SEM |
Scanning electron microscope Scans surface of cells for 3D image |
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What is a TEM |
Transmission electron microscope Allows scientists to examine structures inside the cell |
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Initial concentration within the cell is higher than in the solution. A. Isotonic B. Hypotonic C. Hypertonic |
B. Hypotonic |
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Water passes in and out of the cell membrane at equal rates. A. Isotonic B. Hypotonic C. Hypertonic |
A. Isotonic |
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Cell shrinks in size to equalize the concentration gradient between it and the solution. A. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. Hypertonic |
C. Hypertonic |
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The cell remains normal size. A. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. Hypertonic |
A. Isotonic |
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The cell enlarges in size because water is flowing in at a greater rate than it is flowing out. A. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. Hypertonic |
B. Hypertonic |
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The initial concentration of solutes is greater in the solution than it is in the cell. A. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. Hypertonic |
C. Hypertonic |
