Biology Chapter 5 Vocabulary

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Energy

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The capacity to do work or rearrange matter (chemical work).

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Kinetic Energy

Back 2

The work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity.

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Potential Energy

Back 3

The energy stored in a body or in a system due to its configuration.

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Thermodynamics

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The study of energy conversions. Studies how systems (living or non-living) handle energy.

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Entropy

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The tendency toward less organization.

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Metabolism

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The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in cells.

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Endergonic Reactions

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These reactions take in energy and store it in the chemical bonds of the products. This stored energy is potential energy.

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Exergonic Reactions

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These reactions release energy stored as potential energy in the chemcial bonds of the reactants. Some of this energy is lost to the environment in the form of heat.

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Respiration

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It is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

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ATP

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ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

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ADP

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Provides a source for making ATP by combining with phosphate group and energy.

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Phosphate Group

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One of the 3 subunits of ATP along with Ribose and Adenine.

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Phosporulation

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The process of making ATP from ADP.

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Pathways

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A set of related chemical reactions.

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Enzymes

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Protein molecules that have a three dimensional shape. Function of lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction by bringing the substrates together in the correction position and orientation.

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Energy of Activation

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Activation energy may also be defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

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Active Site

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The location on the enzyme where the substrate and the enzyme meet. The shapes must match and electrical conditions must be opposite.

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Substrate

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A compound that is acted on by an enzyme. Its three dimensional shape matches the three dimensional shape of a specific location on an enzyme molecule.

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Induced Fit

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The concept that means the shape and charge of the active site must correspond.

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Coenzyme

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A nonproteinaceous organic substance that usually contains a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific protein, the apoenzyme, to form an active enzyme system.

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Catalyst

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A compound that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction without itself being changed.

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Inhibitor

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A compound that interferes with the function of an enzyme or a process.

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Competitive Inhibitor

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Compounds that resemble the shape of the ordinary substrate, bind to the active site and therefore block the enzymatic action.

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Noncompetitive Inhibitor

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Compounds that bind to locations on an enzyme to distort the active site. This prevents the substrate from binding to the active site therefore inhibiting the enzymatic action.

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Negative Feedback

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Occurs when the product concentration becomes too high and inhibits the production of new product even if there are enough reactants present.

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Oxidation

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The combination of a substance with oxygen. A reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and the valence of the element is correspondingly increased.

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Reduction

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A reaction in which oxygen is removed from a compound. A reaction in which hydrogen is combined with a compound.

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Redox

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Oxidation and reduction, complementary chemical reactions characterized by the loss or gain, respectively, of one or more electrons by an atom or molecule

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Reduced

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When oxygen has been removed from (a compound).
When hydrogen has been added to (a compound).

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Oxidized

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Reacted with Oxygen

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Photosynthesis

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The process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.

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Fluid Mosaic

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Gains it's name from the idea that membranes can spontaneously break apart and reform and the components move about. It is made of repeating units.

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Membrane

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Hold in the cytoplasm and other cell organelle contents, control the movement of molecules and other things into and out of the cell or organelles, provide protection for the cell or organelle, and provide structure and some rigidity for the cell or organelle. Made of two layers of phospholipids.

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Phospholipids

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A class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.

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Bilipid Layer

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A thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells.

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Cytoplasm

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The part of a cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane

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Organelle

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A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

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Hydrophobic

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water fearing

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Hydrophilic

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attracted to water

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Imbedded Proteins

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proteins that are incorporated into a cell membrane

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Glycoproteins

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Any of a group of conjugated proteins having a carbohydrate as the nonprotein component.

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Channel Proteins

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Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely.

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Carrier Proteins

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Selectively interacts with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane.

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Receptor Proteins

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Shaped in such a way that a specific molecule can bind to it.

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Enzymatic Proteins

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Catalyzes a specific reaction.

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Cholesterol

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A white crystalline substance, found in animal tissues and various foods, that is normally synthesized by the liver and is important as a constituent of cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones.

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Selectively Permeable

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Allowing passage of certain, especially small, molecules or ions but acting as a barrier to others.

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Differentially Permeable

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A membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion".

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Passive Transport

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Process of moving biochemicals and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane. This process does not involve chemical energy.

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Diffusion

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motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

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Osmosis

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the movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient

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Facilitated Transport

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the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins

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Active Transport

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the movement of a substance against its concentration energy

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Equilibrium

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balanced

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Concentrated Gradient

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the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero

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Isotonic

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solutions that have equal osmotic pressure or when an equal concentration exists inside and outside the cell

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Hypertonic

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higher solute concentration

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Hypotonic

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lower solute concentration

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Turgid

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the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure

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Flaccid

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deficient in turgor; drooping without elasticity

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Lyse

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the death of a cell by bursting

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Endocytosis

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the process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) from outside the cell by engulfing them with their plasma membrane

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Phagocytosis

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the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists; it is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria,

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Tight Junctions

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are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid; seal the space between two cells

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Adhesive Junctions

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hold cells together in fixed positions within tissues.

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Gap Junctions

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form open channels between cells allowing ions and small molecules move from one cell to the other

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Communication Junctions

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coordinate activities between cells by permitting movement of ions or signaling molecules between cells.

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Cell Wall

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a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell

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Plasmodesmata

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small tubes that connect plant cells to each other, providing living bridges between cells.

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Cellulose

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The structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants