Biology Chapter 5 - Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Front 1

monomers

Back 1

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

Front 2

polymer

Back 2

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Front 3

macromolecules

Back 3

giant molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.

Front 4

4 important large molecules in living things:

Back 4

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 5

The only one of the 4 large molecule types important to all living things that is not a macromolecule:

Back 5

lipids

Front 6

The macromolecules in 3/4 classes of life's organic compounds are chain-like molecules called ___. These 3 are:

Back 6

polymers; nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates

Front 7

enzymes

Back 7

specialized macromoleculesthat speed up chemical reactions.

Front 8

Enzymes are made of ___.

Back 8

proteins

Front 9

Enzymes usually end in which suffix?

Back 9

-ase

Front 10

Enzymes serve to ___.

Back 10

catalyze reactions

Front 11

Enzymes speed up or catalyze ___ and allow them to happen at ___.

Back 11

reactions; a lower energy

Front 12

____s break things down or build them up.

Back 12

Enzymes

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Enzymes work on a specific thing, called a ___.

Back 13

substrate

Front 14

active site

Back 14

the part or location on an enzyme where the substrate fits/is worked on.

Front 15

Are enzymes used up by reactions?

Back 15

No

Front 16

Enzymes are highly sensitive to:

Back 16

temperature, tonicity (solute concentration), pH

Front 17

If an enzyme is exposed to destructive conditions, what happens?

Back 17

The tertiary structure unfolds, and the enzyme becomes denatured.

Front 18

The monomers of carbohydrates are called:

Back 18

monosaccharides

Front 19

All monosaccharides have the empirical formula ___.

Back 19

CH2O

Front 20

The polymers of carbohydrates are called:

Back 20

polysaccharides

Front 21

glycogen

Back 21

A storage carbohydrate, stores sugar (=energy) in the muscles and livers of animals

Front 22

starch

Back 22

A storage carbohydrate - stores sugar (=energy) in plants

Front 23

cellulose

Back 23

a structural carbohydrate - used to make plant cell walls.

Front 24

chitin

Back 24

a structural carbohydrate used in the building of the exoskeletons of arthropods

Front 25

glucose is a ___.

Back 25

carbohydrate

Front 26

The abbreviation for carbohydrates is:

Back 26

CHO

Front 27

The abbreviation for proteins is:

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PRO

Front 28

The monomers of a protein are:

Back 28

amino acids

Front 29

polypeptides

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amino acid polymers

Front 30

Proteins consist of ___.

Back 30

chains of amino acids

Front 31

Proteins are used for ___.

Back 31

structural support, enzyme production (also defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement)

Front 32

Keratin and collagen are examples of ___.

Back 32

structural proteins.

Front 33

___ is the most abundant protein in the body.

Back 33

Collagen

Front 34

4 confirmations of a protein:

Back 34

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Front 35

primary structure of a protein

Back 35

its sequence of amino acids

Front 36

secondary structure of a protein

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Polypeptide chains that have been repeatedly folded (beta sheet) or coiled (helix) in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape.

Front 37

tertiary structure of a protein

Back 37

the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.

Front 38

quaternary structure of a protein

Back 38

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of its polypeptide subunits.

Front 39

Most names for sugars end in ___.

Back 39

-ose

Front 40

cellular respiration

Back 40

A process by which cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions.

Front 41

Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, provide ___ for cells.

Back 41

nutrients

Front 42

The abbreviation for lipids

Back 42

LPD

Front 43

2 monomers that must be present to form lipids:

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fatty acids, glycerol

Front 44

Body fat is one example of a ___.

Back 44

lipid

Front 45

___ make up cell membranes

Back 45

phospholipids

Front 46

3 things lipids are used for:

Back 46

energy storage, temperature control, formation of cell membranes

Front 47

___ are the only class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers.

Back 47

lipids

Front 48

What is the one trait common to lipids?

Back 48

They mix poorly, if at all, with water (they are relatively nonpolar = hydrophobic; they are essentially fats.)

Front 49

alcohols belong to which functional group?

Back 49

the hydroxyls

Front 50

phospholipids are essential for cells because...

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they are major constituents of cell membranes

Front 51

steroids

Back 51

lipids. cholesterol is an example.

Front 52

Nearly every dynamic function of a living being depends on ___s.

Back 52

proteins

Front 53

catalysts

Back 53

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical rxns wo being consumed by the rxn

Front 54

___ are the most structurally sophisticated molecules known.

Back 54

proteins

Front 55

protein

Back 55

a biologically functional molecule made up of one+ polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3d structure

Front 56

amino acid

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an organic molecule w both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Front 57

The term polypeptide is not synonymous with the term protein. Use an analogy to explain.

Back 57

polypeptide = yarn strands, protein = sweater

Front 58

the function of a protein relative to the shape of its twisted, folded and coiled polypeptides is an example of an ___.

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emergent property

Front 59

A slight change in ___ can affect a protein's ability to fxn

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primary structure. ex: sickle-cell caused by substitution of 1 amino acid for the normal one at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin

Front 60

Protein structure depends partly on ___.

Back 60

the physical and chemical conditions of its environment.

Front 61

Name some factors that can affect the integrity/biological activity of a protein

Back 61

pH, salt concentration, temperature

Front 62

what happens when a protein is destroyed?

Back 62

it unravels and loses its native shape, at which point it is denatured/biologically inactive

Front 63

denaturation can result from excessive ___, or from the transfer of a protein from an aqueous environment to a ___.

Back 63

heat; nonpolar solvent

Front 64

chaperonins

Back 64

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Front 65

abbreviation for nucleic acids

Back 65

NA

Front 66

monomers of a nucleic acid

Back 66

nucleotides (5)

Front 67

polynucleotides

Back 67

nucleic acids/macromolecules that exist as polymers

Front 68

2 nucleic acids

Back 68

DNA, RNA

Front 69

fxn of DNA

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stores genetic information; used in protein synthesis

Front 70

fxn of RNA

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used only in protein synthesis

Front 71

The two strands of a DNA molecule's double helix are two ___.

Back 71

polynucleotides