Biology Chapter 4 Vocabulary (Not Finished)!!!!!

Front 1

Cell theory

Back 1

The core dogma that

1. All living things are made of cells

2. All cells come from pre-existing cells

&

3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms

Front 2

Surface-area-to-volume ratio

Back 2

The smaller an object, the more surface area per volume it has.

Front 3

As cell size decreases, what happens?

Back 3

The surface-area-to-volume ratio increases.

Front 4

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 4

before-nucleus

(Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus)

Front 5

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 5

Has a membrane bound nucleus.

Front 6

Bacillus

Back 6

rod -shaped bacterium

Front 7

coccus

Back 7

spherical shaped bacterium

Front 8

spirilla

Back 8

Rigid twisted-spiral shaped bacterium

Front 9

spirochetes

Back 9

Flexible twisted-spiral shaped bacterium

Front 10

What does the cell envelope include

Back 10

The cell envelope includes the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

Front 11

Plasma membrane

Back 11

The phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

Front 12

glycocalyx

Back 12

A layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall

Front 13

capsule

Back 13

A well organized and not easily washed off layer of glycocalyx

Front 14

cytoplasm

Back 14

the semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encase by a plasma membrane.

Front 15

nucleoid

Back 15

The area in the cytoplasm where the DNA is located

Front 16

plasmids

Back 16

extrachromosomol pieces of circular DNA

Front 17

ribosomes

Back 17

Protein creating organelles

Front 18

cyanobacteria

Back 18

Algae bacteria that is capable of photosynthesis like plants

Front 19

thylakoids

Back 19

Plant organelle that holds chlorophyll and other solarphilic pigments reside.

(AKA Where photosynthesis takes place)

Front 20

flagella

Back 20

Prokaryotic appendages used for movement.

Front 21

Fimbriae

Back 21

Small, bristlelike fibers that sprout from the cell surface.

(Used for holding on/sticking to things)

Front 22

Conjugation pili

Back 22

Rigid tubular structures used by prokaryotes to pass DNA to cell to cell

Front 23

organelles

Back 23

internal membrane-bound compartments with specific purposes

Front 24

Endosymbiotic Theory

(What it is)

Back 24

The belief of the origin of organelles, saying that: the origin of enery organelles occurred when a larger eukaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells.

Front 25

Endosymbiotic Theory

(Evidence for it)

Back 25

1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and structure.

2. Both organelles are surrounded by double membranes- hinting that the organelle originally had a membrane before being engulfed.

3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain a limited amount of genetic material and divide by splitting. With DNA in a loop like prokaryotes.

4. Some mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes which resemble those of prokaryotes.

5. The RNA base sequence of ribosomes in the two suggest prokaryoitc origin of these organelles.

Front 26

vesicles

Back 26

membraneous sacs that enclose the molecules and keep them separate from the cytoplasm.

Front 27

cytoskeleton

Back 27

The extensive network or lattice of protein fibers.

Front 28

nucleus

Back 28

Essential to the life of a eukaryotic cell, it is the organelle that contains genetic information (DNA).