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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pointed egg-shape at the end of a stem called? |
Terminal bud |
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What are the sheets that make up the terminal bud? |
Bud scale |
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What is the top of this year's growth and base of the terminal bud? |
Shoot apex |
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What are the tiny protrusions that branch off the stem called? |
Lateral buds |
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What are the blank patches on the sides of the stem? |
Node |
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What are the heart-shaped bare patches on a stem? |
Leaf scars |
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What are the tiny white spots inside the heart-shaped blank space on a stem? |
Bundle scars |
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What's the blank line that circles the stem called, below the heart-shaped patch? |
Bud scale scar |
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What's the long stretch of stem second to the top? |
Last year's growth |
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What's the long stretch of stem just below the terminal bud? |
This year's growth |
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What are the outermost sheets of a bud? |
Bud scales |
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What's the base of a bud called? |
Shoot apex |
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What are the tiny sheets that are innermost on a bud called? |
Embryonic leaves |
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What are the tiny white dots that pepper a stem called? |
Lenticels |
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What is the outermost thick black tube in a root? |
Phloem |
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What is the majority of the root made up of, like cytoplasm in a cell? |
Root cortex |
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What is the interior thick black tube of a root? |
Xylem |
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What is the thin outer layer of a root? |
Epidermis |
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What shell fits around the bottom layer of the root? |
Root cap |
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What's the bottom section of a root? |
Meristematic region |
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What's the stretch of root just below the hairs and second from the bottom? |
Region of elongation |
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What section of root is coated in hair? |
Maturation region |
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What are the fibers on a root called? |
Root hair |
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On a stem cross-section, what are the outermost tubes that run down the stem called? |
Phloem |
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On a stem cross-section, what are the innermost tubes that run down the stem called? |
Xylem |
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On a stem cross-section, what are the thick tubes that run down the stem called? |
Vascular bundle |
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On a stem cross-section, what is the outer layer of the stem called? |
Rind |
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On a stem cross-section, what is the second-to-outermost layer of a stem? |
Epidermis |
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On a stem cross-section, what makes up most of the stem? |
Cortex |
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What does a bud do? |
Allows stems to grow in length or develop new flowers, leaves, or stems |
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What does a terminal bud do? |
Allows stem to grow in length |
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What does a lateral bud do? |
New stems can branch off here |
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What does a bud scale do? |
Protects the bud during winter |
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What is a leaf scar? |
Where the leaf used to be attached |
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Where is a bundle scar? |
On a leaf scar |
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What is a bundle scar? |
Where vascular tissue was |
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What is a node? |
Section where leaves grow
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What is it called when there is one leaf scar per node? |
Alternate |
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What is it called when there are two leaf scars per node? |
Opposite |
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What is it called when there are three leaf scars per node? |
Whorled |
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What is an internode? |
Section between nodes |
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What is a lenticel? |
An opening on stem/bark that lets air in
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What is primary growth of a stem? |
Growth at the tips of branches |
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What is excurrent branching? |
Trees are straight and tall and have ONE major shaft |
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What is deliquescent branching? |
Several main branches |
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Give an example of trees that exhibit excurrent branching |
Pine, redwood, hemlock |
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Give an example of trees that exhibit deliquescent branching? |
Maples |
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What does bark do? |
1. Protection 2. Transports food |
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What does the epidermis do in a young stem? |
Outer protection |
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What is the cortex in a young stem? |
Tissue below epidermis |
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What does the cortex do in a young stem? |
Stores food |
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What is the cork in a mature stem? |
Replaces epidermis and cortex |
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What do lenticels do in a mature stem? |
Let air in |
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What does phloem do in a mature stem? |
Carry food down |
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What are sieve tubes in a mature stem? |
Phloem tissue tubes |
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What does vascular cambium do in a mature stem? |
Forms new phloem cells |
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What is wood? |
Strong, resilient inner section |
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What does wood do? |
1. Provides strength and support 2. Transports minerals and water up |
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What is the pith? |
Center of the stem |
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What does the pith do? |
Water storage |
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What is heartwood? |
Old, inner wood and xylem |
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What color is heartwood? |
Darker |
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What does heartwood do?
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Provides support |
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What is sapwood? |
Younger xylem tissue |
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What color is sapwood?
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Lighter |
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What is sapwood and heartwood made of? |
Xylem |
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What are the two parts of wood? |
Sapwood and heartwood |
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Is sapwood usable? |
Yes |
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Why can you use rings to find the age of a tree? |
Every new growing season new rings form |
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What can you use to find the age of a tree?
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Rings |
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Which wood in a tree ring is lighter? |
Spring wood |
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Which wood in a tree ring is darker? |
Summer wood |
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What kind of growth do dicots do? |
ONLY primary growth |
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How long do dicots live? |
1 growing season
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Do dicots have growing rings? |
No |
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Where are fibrovascular bundles? |
Around the pith |
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What is the pith made of? |
Xylem |
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What is the cortex made of?
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Phloem |
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Do monocots have cambium? |
No |
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What is asexual reproduction? |
Reproduction without sex cells |
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What are runners? |
Special stems sent out by plants to start new plants
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What is a cutting? |
A piece of a stem or root capable of growing into a new plant |
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What are the advantages of cutting? |
1. Identical to the original plant 2. Saves time |
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What is layering? |
Inducing a stem to grow roots in soil |
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Where is layering often used? |
Vineyards |
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What is grafting? |
You transplant living tissue to a new plant |
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Where is grafting often used? |
Fruit trees |
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What is the process for grafting? |
1. Cut off branch 2. Graft onto stock tree 3. Vascular cambium must contact |
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What is a sion? |
A cut-off branch used in grafting |
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What is budding? |
Grafting a bud into another tree
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What is tissue culturing? |
Make seedlings from individual cells in a lan |
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What is a bulb? |
Stores food
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Give examples of bulbs |
Onion, tulip |
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What is a corm? |
A swollen stem |
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Give an example of a corm |
Gladiolus crocus |
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What are rhizomes? |
Thick stems that grow horizontally |
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What do rhizomes do?
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1. Food storage 2. Reproduction |
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Give an example of a rhizome |
Iris |
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What is a stolon? |
Runner that goes along the ground |
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Give examples of stolons |
Strawberries, grass |
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What are tendrils? |
Climbing stems |
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Give examples of tendrils |
Grape plants, ivy |
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What are tubers? |
Swollen special stems |
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What do tubers do? |
Store food |
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Give an example of a tuber |
Potato |
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What do thorns do? |
Offer protection |
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Give an example of a thorned plant |
Honey locust tree |
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What is a primary root?
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Grows directly from embryo |
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What is a tap root? |
One major fleshy root |
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What does a tap root do? |
Stores food |
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Give examples of a tap root |
Dandelions, carrots, yams |
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What is a fibrous root? |
No main root |
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What do fibrous roots do? |
Help prevent erosion |
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How does the size of the plan above ground relate to the root system size? |
Same size |
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What does the epidermis do for the root? |
1. Protect the root
2. Prevent H2O loss |
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What do root hairs do? |
Help absorb H2O |
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What does the root cortex do? |
Food storage |
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What is the stele made of? |
Xylem and phloem |
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What is the stele? |
Center cylinder |
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What is the root cap? |
A protective covering |
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What does the root cap do? |
Push into the soil |
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What is primary growth of roots? |
Growth in length from meristem |
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What are the three regions of a root? |
1. Meristematic 2. Region of elongation 3. Maturation region |
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What happens in the meristematic region? |
New cells grow from meristem |
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What happens in the region of elongation? |
Cells grow in length |
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What happens in the maturation region? |
Cells are organized in stele |
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What is secondary growth in a root? |
Growth in diameter |
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What cells grow in secondary growth? |
Cambium cells between xylem and phloem |
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What is diffusion? |
Mixing of particles by random molecular motion |
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Which was do molecules diffuse? |
From high concentration to lower concentration |
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What membranes are permeable to some substances? |
All |
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What does permeable mean? |
Allows through |
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What is a semipermeable membrane? |
Only some substances are allowed through |
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What is osmosis? |
One-way diffusion through a semi-permeable substance |
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What happens if you have too much fertilizer? |
It will pull the H2O out of a plant |
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What happens if you have too much water? |
It will flood the soil and there will be no O2 for roots |
