Biology Chapter 4

Front 1

cell

Back 1

smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

English scientist who used a light microscope to discover cells in 1665

Front 3

light microscope

Back 3

instrument that uses optical lenses to magnify objects by bending light rays

Front 4

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 4

Dutch trader and fist person to observe living cells

Front 5

Matthias Schleiden

Back 5

German botanist who concluded that all plants were composed of cells

Front 6

Theodor Schwann

Back 6

German zoologist who concluded that all animals were composed of cells

Front 7

Rudolf Virchow

Back 7

German physician who noted that all cells come from other cells

Front 8

cell theory

Back 8

-all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
-cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
-cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

Front 9

surface area-to-volume ratio

Back 9

the relationship of the cell's outer surface area to its volume

Front 10

plasma membrane

Back 10

cell membrane.
covers the cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell

Front 11

cytoplasm

Back 11

region of the cell within the plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus

Front 12

cytosol

Back 12

part of the cytoplasm that included molecules and small particles, such as ribosome

Front 13

nucleus

Back 13

most prominent structure in a eukaryotic cell. contains a cell's dna. controls most of the cells function

Front 14

prokaryotes

Back 14

organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Front 15

nucleoid

Back 15

part of a prokaryotic cell that holds the genetic information

Front 16

eukaryotes

Back 16

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Front 17

organelles

Back 17

variety of subcellular structures that perform specific functions for the cell

Front 18

colonial organism

Back 18

collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a connected group

Front 19

tissue

Back 19

group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function

Front 20

organs

Back 20

groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism

Front 21

organ system

Back 21

group of organs that accomplish related tasks

Front 22

phospholipid bilayer

Back 22

double layer of phospholipids lined up with their heads pointing outward and their tails pointing inward

Front 23

sterols

Back 23

lipids in the cell membrane's of eukaryotes between tails of phospholipids

Front 24

cholesterol

Back 24

the major membrane sterol in animal cells

Front 25

integral proteins

Back 25

proteins that emerge from only one side of the membrane.
they often have carbs attached and play important roles in transporting molecules into the cell

Front 26

peripheral proteins

Back 26

lie on only one side of the membrane and are not embedded in it

Front 27

receptor protein

Back 27

protein which recognizes and binds to substances outside the cell

Front 28

fluid mosaic model

Back 28

states that the phospholipid bilayer behaves more like a fluid than a solid

Front 29

nucleoplasm

Back 29

jellylike liquid in the nucleus which holds its contents and functions like a cell cytoplasm

Front 30

chromatin

Back 30

threadlike strands of dna when a cell is not dividing

Front 31

chromosomes

Back 31

chromatin condenses into this when a cell is about to divide

Front 32

nuclear envelope

Back 32

double membrane made of two phospholipid bilayers that surrounds the nucleus

Front 33

nuclear pores

Back 33

tiny, protein-lined holes that cover the surface of the nuclear envelope and provide passageways

Front 34

nucleolus [plural nucleoli]

Back 34

site where dna is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomed dna

Front 35

ribosomes

Back 35

organelles made of protein and rna that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Front 36

mitochondria [singular mitochondrian]

Back 36

tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to atp

Front 37

cristae

Back 37

folds in the inner membrane that contain proteins that carry out energy-harvesting reactions

Front 38

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 38

system of membranous tubes and sacs that functions as an intracellular pathway

Front 39

cisternae

Back 39

membranous tubes and sacs in the er

Front 40

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 40

produces phospholipids and proteins.
abundent in digestive glands and antibody-producing cells

Front 41

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 41

lacks ribosomes.
produces lipids such as cholesterol, & testosterone and estrogen.
works in liver and kidney to detoxify

Front 42

golgi apparatus

Back 42

system of flattened, membranous sacs that receive vesicles from the er and modify their contents

Front 43

lysosomes

Back 43

vesicles that bud from golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes

Front 44

autophagy

Back 44

process in which lysosomes digest worn-out organelles

Front 45

autolysis

Back 45

the digestion of damaged or extra cells by enzymes of their own lysosomes

Front 46

peroxisomes

Back 46

similar to lysosomes but not produced in golgi apparatus.
abundant in liver and kidney

Front 47

glyoxysomes

Back 47

specialized peroxisomes found in the seeds of some plants. they break down stored fats

Front 48

endosome

Back 48

vesicle produced when cells engulf material and swallow it in the plasma membrane

Front 49

cytoskeleton

Back 49

network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscrosses the cytosol

Front 50

microtubules

Back 50

hollow tubes that hold organelles in place, maintain a cell's shape, and guide organelles and molecules in the cell

Front 51

microfilaments

Back 51

long threads of the protein actin that contribute to cell movement

Front 52

centrosome

Back 52

central point near the nucleus from which microtubules radiate outward

Front 53

intermediate filaments

Back 53

rods that anchor the nucleus and some other organelles to their places in the cell.
maintain internal shape of the nucleus

Front 54

cilia

Back 54

short hairlike structure that are present in large numbers and extend from the surface of the cell

Front 55

flagella

Back 55

long hairlike structures that are less numerous and extend from the surface of the cell

Front 56

centrioles

Back 56

two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other that are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope

Front 57

cell wall

Back 57

rigid layer outside a plant cell's plasma membrane

Front 58

cellulose

Back 58

carb that make up cell walls

Front 59

central vacuole

Back 59

large fluid-filled organelle that stores water, enzymes, and other materials

Front 60

plastids

Back 60

organelles unique to a plant cell surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own dna

Front 61

chloroplasts

Back 61

plastid that uses light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

Front 62

thylakoids

Back 62

flattened membranous sacs in the chloroplast

Front 63

chlorophyll

Back 63

green pigment that captures light energy for the cell

Front 64

endosymbiosis

Back 64

process by which chloroplasts came about from prokaryotic cells

Front 65

chromoplasts

Back 65

plastids that contain colorful pigments other than green

Front 66

proplastid

Back 66

common precursor of chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

Front 67

amyloplasts

Back 67

plastid that stores starch

Front 68

nucleoid

Back 68

region in a prokaryote where their genetic material is concentrated