Biology Chapter 25

Front 1

Archegonium

Back 1

reproductie structure that produces eggs in seedless plants

Front 2

antheridium

Back 2

reproductive structure that produces sperm in seedless plants

Front 3

sorus

Back 3

a cluster of sporingia on a fern frond

Front 4

pollen grain

Back 4

Structure cnsist of a few haploid cells surounded by a thick protective wall that contains a male gametophyte of a seed plant.

Front 5

ovule

Back 5

structure of a seed plant sporophyte in which a female spore form anddevelops into gametophyte that contains an egg; structure in the ovary of a pistil that develops a seed.

Front 6

pollination

Back 6

transportation of pollen grains from a male reproductve structure to a flower reproductive structure of a flower

Front 7

pollen tube

Back 7

Structure that grows from a pollen grain to an ovule, enabling sperm to pass directly to an egg

Front 8

seed coat

Back 8

the protective outer covering of seed

Front 9

cotyledon

Back 9

leaf like structure of a plant embryo; functins in the transfer of stored nutrients to he embryo, in which food is stored.

Front 10

sepal

Back 10

The outer most whorl. structure of a flower that encloses and protects a flower bud.

Front 11

Petals

Back 11

The second whorl consist of one or more petals, which attract pollinators

Front 12

Stamens

Back 12

The third whorl consists of one or more stamens, which produce pollen

Front 13

Anther

Back 13

A pollen producing sac that tops the stamens

Front 14

Pistils

Back 14

The fourth and innermost whorl of the flower consist of one or more pistils, which produce ovuls

Front 15

Ovary

Back 15

Ovules develop in pistils swollen lower portion which is called an ovary.

Front 16

Double fertilization

Back 16

is a term used to describe the process by which two sperm fuse with cells of a female gametophyte to produce both a zygote and endosperm

Front 17

Vegatative Reproduction

Back 17

the reproduction of plants from vegative parts. Fatser then sexual reproduction.

Front 18

Plant Propagation

Back 18

growing new plants from seed or from vegative parts.

Front 19

Tissue Culture

Back 19

A technique when pieces of plant tissue are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new plants.

Front 20

what is alertnation of generations?

Back 20

a gamate producing stage alternates with a spore producing stage

Front 21

Summarize the life cycle of a moss

(from leafy green moss to a bare capsule on a green stalk)

Back 21

1) sexual reproduction results in a zygote (mitosis)-

2)the zygote grows into a new diploid sporophyte- a bare stalk with a spore capsule (sporangium) at its tip -grows attached to the gametophyte from which it came

3)Spores form by meiosis inside the spore capsule (spores are haploid)
4)Spore capsule opens when spores are mature and spores are carried away by wind and water
5) when spore settles on the ground, it grows into a leafy green gametophyte. Archegonia and Antheridia grow at the tips
6)eggs and sperm form by mitosis inside the archegonia and antheridia
7) when water covers the clumpt of mosses that they grow in, sperm swim over and fertilize eggs inside the archegonia.

Front 22

Summarize the life cycle of a fern

Back 22

1) a zygote grows into a new sporophyte, which destroys the gametophyte from which it grows
2) the dyploid sporophyte produces spores by miosis
3)the spores fall in the ground and grow into haploid gametophytes
4) Ferm gametohphytes produce gametes by mitosis - eggs in archegonia and sperm in antheridia
5) when a film of water covers a gametophyte, sperm can swim and fertilize egg at the archegonia.

Front 23

Compare and Contrast the lifecycle of a fern (vasc)with the lifecycle of a moss (non vasc)

Back 23

1) the sporophyte in the fern is much larger than its gametophyte (the small heart shaped gametophyte. On the fern, the sporophytes can be as large as trees.

This is not true of the moss, as the sporophyte of the moss is not very big.

2) the moss sporophyte grows attached to the gametophyte that it came from, whereas the fern destroys the gamtophyte.

Front 24

which reproductive structure - the gametes or spores are responsible for the dispersal of seedless plants?

Back 24

the spores - bc it's when the spores capsule opens that the spores can spread if there is wind or water.

Front 25

Summary of sexual reproduction in Seedless plants

Back 25

1) zygote in sporophyte (formed via mitosis)
2)diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
3) spores fall to tge ground when they mature and form haploid gametophytes via mitosis (eggs in archegonia and sperms in antheridia)
4) when water covers a gametophyte, the sperm can swim over to the archegonia and fertilize the egg creating a zygote - back to step 1

Front 26

Distinguish the male and female gametophytes of seed plants

Back 26

- both are tiny -
male -2/3 cells, female-7 cells
-male gametophyte develops in the pollen grain and can be carried to the female by wind/water
-female gametophyte develops inside the OVULE
-after fertilization (pollinattion) the ovule develops into a seed

Front 27

Describe the function of each part of the seed

Back 27

1) seed coat - protects the embryo in the seed from harsh environment and prevents the embryo from growing too fast (by depriving oxygen and H2O)
2) nutritionous tissue - provide nutrients to embryo
3) 1 or more cotyledons - seed leafs- transfer nutrients to the embryo

Front 28

Summarize the lifecyle of a conifer

Back 28

1) diploid zygote results from sexual reproduction
2) zygote --> embryo
3) embryo becomes dormant - inactive
4)embryo + surrounding tissue -->seed
5) seeds mature --> cones open --> seeds fall out and travel
6)fallen seeds -->new sporophyte
7) adult pine tree has male and female cones which when little produce spores which produce eggs and sperms.
8) After pollination, a pollen tube grows for each pollen grain towards eggs inside the ovule for fertilization to occur w/o having to swim.

Front 29

Relate the parts of a flower to their function

Back 29

1) SEPAL - outermost portion - protect flower
2) petals - attract pollinators
3) stamens - produce pollen
4)anther - pollen producing sac
5) pistils = produce the ovules
6) ovary - where the ovules develop

Front 30

lifecylcle of an angiosperm

Back 30

1) zygote from fertilization --> seed -->new sporophyte
2)adult sporophyte -->spores in pistils and stamens (by meiosis)
3)spores --> gametophytes (female eggs inside the ovules, 2 male spermsin the anther of a stamen)
4) 1 sperm fuses with egg-->zygote
3)2nd sperm fuses with haploid nuclei of 2 other cells (meiosis)-->triplod cell in the endosperm

(DOUBLE FERTILIZATION)

Front 31

Describe several types of vegetative reproduction in plants

Back 31

involving several vegetative parts - stems, roots and leaves - runners, bulb, rhizomes, tuber

Front 32

Distinguish sexual production in kalanchoes from asexual reproduction in kalanchoes

Back 32

sexual reproduction can occur from the seeds produced by the flowers, Asexual reproduction can occur from the plantlets that are on the leafs.

Front 33

Several ways to propagate plants

Back 33

1) budding and grafting - small stems are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant
2) taking cuttings
3)tissue culture

Front 34

When does pollination occur in an angiosperm?

Back 34

when pollen grain lands on the stigma of a pistil

In seed plants, when a pollen tube reaches a compatible female structure, a tube emerges from the pollen grain and begins to grow towards the egg inside the ovule. The pollen tube provides a way for the sperm to reach the egg inside the ovule w/o having to swim.

- In nonvasc plants + seedless vasc, sperm swims over to egg when water covers them-->pollination

fertilization = when sperm joins egg

Front 35

in what structure are a plants egg cells found?

Back 35

inside the pistil's lower portion called the ovary. The ovary produces the ovules. Inside the ovule are the eggs.

So from BIG to small: flower/pistile/ovary/uvules/eggs (in angiosperms)

or CONES/ovules/eggs (in gumnosperm)

or nonvascular plants (moss) & vascular seedless (ferns): leefy green haploid gametophytes/achegonium/egg