Biology Chapter 16, 17, 18

Front 1

Particulargroups, or species, of living things can undergo modification in successivegenerations, with such change sometimes resulting in the formation of new,separate species is regarded as

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Common descent with modification or First Evolutionary Theory Principle

Front 2

The process through which traits that confer a reproductiveadvantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organismsover successive generations; It's the most important process of evolution.

Back 2

Natural Selection or the Second Evolutionary Theory Principle

Front 3

Darwin began to perceive common descent with modification through

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the infinite branching of evolution

Front 4

Darwin saw organisms evolve in the direction of the favorable variations, which he termed

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natural selection

Front 5

Theses genetic alterations can take place, showing up as new physical traits, which can be passed on to new generations.

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mutations

Front 6

The convergence of several lines of biological research into a unified evolutionary theory is termed

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modern synthesis

Front 7

A general set of principles supported by evidence that explains some aspect of the natural world is known as

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theory

Front 8

The study of the physical forms that organisms take is called

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morphology

Front 9

If it is the same in structure owing to inheritance from a common ancestor, it is called

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homologous

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A structure in an organism whose original function has been lost during the course of evolution is called

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vestigial character

Front 11

A group of organisms that can successfully interbreed with one another in nature but that don't successfully interbreed with members of other such groups is called

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species

Front 12

All the members of a species that live in a defined geographic region at a given time is called a

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population

Front 13

All the alleles that exist in a population is called a

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gene pool

Front 14

A change of allele frequencies in a population over a relatively short period of time is known as

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microevolution

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Any genetically based phenotypic change in a population of organisms over successive generations is known as

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evolution

Front 16

Evolution that results in the formation of new species or other large groupings of living things is called

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macroevolution

Front 17

Name the five agents of microevolution.

Back 17

1. mutation

2. gene flow

3. genetic drift

4. sexual selection

5. natural selection

Front 18

The movement of alleles from one population to another is which agent of microevolution?

Back 18

gene flow

Front 19

the movement of individuals from one population into the territory of another is called

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migration

Front 20

The random chance alteration of gene frequencies in a population that has a greater effect on small populations is which agent of microevolution?

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genetic drift

Front 21

One form of genetic drift is ___ where the populations can be greatly reduced through disease or natural disaster or occurs due to a change in allele frequency due to a sharp population reduction.

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bottleneck

Front 22

A second form of genetic drift is ___ where a small subset of a population can migrate to start a new population, even one member.

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founder effect

Front 23

Which agent of microevolution occurs when some members of a population mate more often than other members?

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sexual selection

Front 24

Which agent of microevolution occurs when some individuals will be successful than others in surviving and reproducing for a better fit in their environment?

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natural selection

Front 25

A modification in the form, physical functioning, or behavior of organisms in a population over generations in response to environmental change is known as

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adaptation

Front 26

The success of an organism in passing on its genes to offspring is called

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fitness

Front 27

The intermediate forms of a given character are favored over extreme forms is called the

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stabilizing selection

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When natural selection moves a character toward one of its extremes such as hominins is called

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directional selection

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When natural selection moves a character toward both of its extremes is called

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disruptive selection (is less frequent)

Front 30

What concept relies on the sexual breeding behavior of populations in nature?

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biological species concept

Front 31

Which two kingdoms are not species because they reproduce by cell division and not breeding?

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bacteria and archaea

Front 32

The development of new species through evolution is termed

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speciation

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What speciation occurs when geographical barriers divide a population and the resulting population becomes a separate species?

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allopatric speciation

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Any factor that, in nature, prevents interbreeding between individuals of the same species or of closely related species.

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reproductive isolating mechanism

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A barrier to interbreeding of populations that is not an inherent characteristic of the organisms in the populations such as rivers.

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extrinsic isolating mechanism

Front 36

What type of isolation prevents interbreeding due to living in different locations?

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geographical isolation

Front 37

A difference in anatomy, physiology, or behavior that prevents interbreeding between individuals of the same species or of closely related species.

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intrinsic isolating mechanism

Front 38

Name the six intrinsic isolating mechanisms.

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1. ecological isolation

2. temporal isolation

3. behavioral isolation

4. mechanical isolation

5. gametic isolation

6. hybrid inviability

Front 39

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Species live in the same place, but cannot mate if they don't make contact.

Back 39

ecological isolation

Front 40

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Species live in the same place, but they can't mate because breeding times differ.

Back 40

temporal isolation

Front 41

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Species breed at the same time, but don't mate because they are not attracted.

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behavioral isolation

Front 42

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Species are attracted, but they can't mate if not physically compatible.

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mechanical isolation

Front 43

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Species are physically compatible, but the egg and sperm do not fuse properly.

Back 43

gametic isolation

Front 44

Name the intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Even if fertilization occurs, the offspring may not survive or reproduce such as donkeys.

Back 44

hybrid inviability or infertility

Front 45

A speciation that does not involve geographic separation is called

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sympatric speciation

Front 46

The rapid evolution of many species from a single species that has been introduced to a new environment is called

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adaptive radiation

Front 47

binomial nomenclature groups Earth's organisms by two names:

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1. genus

2. species

Front 48

The diversity and relatedness of organisms is called

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systematics

Front 49

The organisms in any category that make up a group of living things is called a

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taxon

Front 50

Name the 7 classifications of the taxonomic system.

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1. kingdom

2. phylum

3. class

4. order

5. family

6. genus

7. species

Front 51

Which branch of systematics determines the order of branching events in speciation?

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cladistics