Biology Chapter 11

Front 1

gene expression

Back 1

the activation or "turning on" of a gene that results in transcription

Front 2

genome

Back 2

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

Front 3

structural genes

Back 3

genes that code for polypeptides

Front 4

promoter

Back 4

a dna segment that initiates transcription

Front 5

operator

Back 5

a dna segment that controls the ability of rna polymerase to move along structural genes

Front 6

operon

Back 6

series of genes that code for specific products and the regulatory elements that control these genes

Front 7

repressor protein

Back 7

protein that inhibits genes from being expressed

Front 8

regulator genes

Back 8

code repressor proteins

Front 9

inducer

Back 9

the molecule that initiates gene expression

Front 10

euchromatin

Back 10

uncoiled form of dna where transcription occurs

Front 11

introns

Back 11

sections of a structural gene that are transcribed but not translated

Front 12

exons

Back 12

sections of a structural gene that, when expressed, are transcribed and translated

Front 13

pre-mrna

Back 13

form of messenger rna that contains both introns and exons

Front 14

spliceosomes

Back 14

complex assemblies of rna and protein that split the pre-mrna at each end of an intron and join the exons

Front 15

ribozymes

Back 15

rna molecules that act as enzymes

Front 16

transcription factors

Back 16

regulatory proteins in eukaryotes

Front 17

enhancers

Back 17

dna sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes

Front 18

cell differentiation

Back 18

the development of cells that have specialized functions

Front 19

morphogenesis

Back 19

the development of form in an organism

Front 20

homeotic genes

Back 20

regulatory genes that determine where body structures will develop in an organism during morphogenesis

Front 21

homeobox

Back 21

the specific dna sequence within a homeotic gene

Front 22

proto-oncogenes

Back 22

genes which regulate cell growth, cell division, and the ability of cells to adhere to one another

Front 23

oncogene

Back 23

a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation

Front 24

tumor

Back 24

an abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division

Front 25

benign tumor

Back 25

tumor that is not life threatening and whose cells remain within the mass

Front 26

malignant tumor

Back 26

tumor in which cells uncontrollably divide and invade and destroy tissues elsewhere in the body

Front 27

cancer

Back 27

the uncontrolled growth of cells that invades body parts

Front 28

tumor-suppressor genes

Back 28

genes that code for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring too often

Front 29

mestasis

Back 29

the spread of cancer cells beyond the original site

Front 30

carcinogen

Back 30

any substance that can cause cancer

Front 31

mutagen

Back 31

agent that causes mutations to occur within a cell

Front 32

carcinoma

Back 32

caner of the skin, breast, lung, or any lining of the body

Front 33

sarcoma

Back 33

cancer of the bone or muscle tissue

Front 34

lymphoma

Back 34

cancer of blood-forming tissues

Front 35

leukemia

Back 35

cancer of the white blood cells

Front 36

lac operon

Back 36

operon that codes for the enzymes that regulate lactose metabolism