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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three points in the cell theory? |
1. Cells are the basic unit of life 2. All living organisms are made of cells 3. New cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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Explain how the surface area-to-volume ratio limits cell size. |
smaller cell = more surface area & less volume = great ability to get material in and out of the cell |
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What are the differences between Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic. |
E. has nucleus, P. does not; P are smaller than E; E contain organelles.
E&P have DNA, outer membrane & cytoplasm |
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A nucleolus.... |
makes subunits of ribosomes |
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A nucleus.... |
is the control center of the cell; contains DNA |
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A ribosome.... |
makes proteins |
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A vesicle... |
small organelle, used for transportation within the cell |
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum... |
rough = with ribosomes; processes proteins |
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum... |
smooth = no ribosomes; produces lipids & breaks down toxins |
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The golgi body/apparatus... |
responsible for processing, packaging, and secretes modified cell products(proteins) |
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Mitochondria... |
organelle that carries on cellular respiration; responsible for productions of ATP |
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Cytoplasm... |
is a semi-fluid inside he cell that contains organelles; where all cell activity takes place |
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Lysosome... |
membrane bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes used to break down macromolecules, cell parts or even the cell itself |
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Centriole... |
cellular structure containing short, cylinders of microtubules(protein molecules); organizes spindle for chromosomal movement during mitosis/meiosis |
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Plasma membrane... |
boundary between outside & inside of the cell; selectively permeable; consists of phospholipids embedded with proteins |
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Explain a phospholipid bilayer... |
lipid molecule that forms the bilayer ( 2 layers) of the cell's membrane.. head is polar - hydrophilic (likes water). tails is nonpolar - hydrophobic (hates water) |
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When refer to the plasma membrane, what lends support to the membrane? |
Cholesterol |
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Explain diffusion |
The movement of molecules/ions across the plasma membrane from region of high concentration to low concentration; requires no energy and stops when equilibrium is reached |
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Explain osmosis |
is the net movement of water across membrane from high concentration to low concentration; requires no energy |
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isotonic is.... |
same solute concentration as in cell |
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hypotonic is... |
lower solute than in cell (water enters cell) |
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hypertonic is... |
higher solute than in cell (water leaves cell) |
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when cells burst it is referred to as.... |
lysis |
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when cells shrink it is referred to as.... |
crenation |
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facilitated transport is.... |
a passive transport.. molecules transport over plasma membrane by protein carrier... from high concentration to low... no energy used |
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active transport it... |
as referred to as solute pumping; during this a molecule moves from low concentration to high concentration. energy and protein carriers are used. |
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endocytosis is... |
movement of molecules into a cell by vesicle formation... cell invagination |
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exocytosis is... |
when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs; removes substance to outside of the cell (exits cell) |
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cilia and flagella are involved in... |
movement |
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adhesion junctions serve to... |
mechanically attach adjacent cells; cytoskeleton of two cells are interconnected; common junction between skin cells |
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tight junctions... |
are zipper-like connections between plasma membrane proteins of neighbouring cells |
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gap functions... |
serves as communication portals between cells |
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explain glycolysis |
"sugar splitting"; occurs in the cytoplasm; anaerobic(no oxygen needed); processes glucose, splits into 2 pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and NADH |
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explain citric acid cycle |
occurs in outermost mitochondria membrane; aerobic(needs oxygen); 2 pyruvate are broken down into 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2(electron carriers) |
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explain electron transport chain |
occurs in innermost mitochondria membrane; aerobic(needs oxygen); NADH delivers electrons to ETC, as electrons are passed from carrier to carrier they lose energy, low energy electrons emerge from chain, oxygen accepts electrons, combines with hydrogen and becomes water; energy released from electrons is used for ATP production; approx 32-36 are produced |
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explain fermentation... |
anaerobic(no oxygen needed); when oxygen is not available to ETC it becomes inoperable; Glycolysis still operable, picks up electrons & hydrogen, NADH passes electrons & hydrogen to pyruvate molecule; produces 2 ATP each; buildup of lactate occurs which is toxic to cells, it leads to cramps, fatigue and eventual death |
