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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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the scientific study of living things
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Definition of life
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an organized genetic unit capable of metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and evolution
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Characteristics of life
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1. metabolism
2. homeostasis 3. reproduction 4. evolution |
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Viruses
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hard to define as living because they do not carry out physiological functions on their own but contain genetic material that evolves
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Multicellular
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consist of specialized cells that fullfill different functions
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Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
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invented the microscope in 1590s
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Robert Hooke
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coined the term cells to describe repeated structures he found in cork tissue.
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke
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first biologists to improve and apply the technology of the microscope to living organisms in the late 1600s
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Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
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formulated the first cell theory in 1838
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Cell Theory
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-Cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms.
-Cells are both distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organisms |
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Louis Pasteur
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-proved through experiments in 1859 that life must be present to generate new life.
-proposed germ theory of disease -explained the role of microorganisms in the fermentation of beer and wine -developed pasteurization |
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Modern Cell Theory
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-all cells come from preexisting cells
-all cells are similar in chemical composition -most of the chemical reactions occur within cells -complete sets of genetic information are replicated and passed on during cell division |
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Charles Darwin
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-first formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection
-proposed that living things are descended from common ancestors and related to one another |
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Modern Concept of Species
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a group of organisms that look alike and can breed successfully with one another
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Natural Selection
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the struggle for existence among organisms with limited resources would tend to favor organisms with any trait that conferred a probability that its owner would survive and produce more offspring
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Natural selection leads to
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adaptations whereby organisms gradually evolve traits that make them better suited to surviving and reproducing in their environments
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Genome
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contains a cell's complete blueprint for existence in the form of DNA
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DNA
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(deoxyribonucleic acid)
long sequences of four different subunits |
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Nucleotides
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the four different subunits of DNA
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Genes
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specific sequences of DNA that contain the information necessary for the cell to make proteins
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Proteins
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make up an organism's structure (think muscle, organs, tissues, etc) and govern the chemical reactions within a cell
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How many nucleotides is the human genome composed?
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About 3 billion
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Mutations
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alterations of the genome which can lead to the production of altered proteins
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How do mutations occur?
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spontaneously or induced by environmental factures such as chemicals and radiation
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Raw material of evolution
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mutations
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How do living organisms acquire nutrients?
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from the environment
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What do nutrients do?
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supply the cell with energy and raw materials for building biological structures
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what do cells do with nutrients?
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break them into smaller chemical unites releasing energy that the cell can use to build or synthesize new molecules or structures composed of smaller molecules
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Example of synthesis
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conversion of carbohydrates to fat
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