Biology Chap 10 And 12

Front 1

Cell division

Back 1

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Hint 2

First stage

Front 3

Cytokinesis

Back 3

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Front 4

Chromatids

Back 4

One of two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromasome

Front 5

Centromeres

Back 5

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Front 6

Interphase

Back 6

Period of the cell cycle between cell division

Front 7

Replication

Back 7

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

Front 8

Cell cycle

Back 8

Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Front 9

4 stages of mitosis

Back 9

Prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase

Front 10

DNA polymerase

Back 10

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Front 11

Prophase

Back 11

The first and longest stage of mitosis

Front 12

Centrioles

Back 12

One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Front 13

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 13

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 14

Spindle

Back 14

A fan like microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes

Front 15

Metaphase

Back 15

During this stage the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle

Hint 15

Second stage of mitosis

Front 16

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 16

Type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Front 17

Anaphase

Back 17

During this phase the centromeres that joined the sister chromatids split allowing the sister chromatids to separate and become individual chromosomes

Hint 17

Third phase of mitosis

Front 18

Telophase

Back 18

During this phase, the chromosomes which were distinct and condensed begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material

Hint 18

4th and final phase of mitosis

Front 19

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 19

Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Front 20

Cyclin

Back 20

One of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Front 21

Cancer

Back 21

Disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

Front 22

Transcription

Back 22

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

Front 23

Transformation

Back 23

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Front 24

Bacteriophage

Back 24

A virus that infects bacteria

Front 25

RNA polymerase

Back 25

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

Front 26

Nucleotides

Back 26

Monomer of nucleic acid made up of a 5 carbon sugar a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Front 27

Base pairing

Back 27

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Front 28

Genes

Back 28

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Front 29

Promoters

Back 29

Region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Front 30

Introns

Back 30

Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Front 31

Exons

Back 31

Expressed sequence of DNA, codes for a protein

Front 32

Codon

Back 32

Three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Front 33

Translation

Back 33

Decoding of a messenger RNA message into a polypeptide chain

Front 34

What does translation take place on?

Back 34

Ribosomes

Front 35

Anticodon

Back 35

Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon

Front 36

Mutations

Back 36

Any change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Front 37

Point mutations

Back 37

Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

Front 38

Frameshift mutations

Back 38

Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Front 39

Polyploidy

Back 39

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Front 40

Operon

Back 40

Group of genes operating together

Front 41

Operator

Back 41

Region of chromosomes in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"

Front 42

Differentiation

Back 42

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Front 43

Hox genes

Back 43

Series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

Front 44

Process where DNA makes copies of itself

Back 44

Replication

Front 45

What controls the cell cycle?

Back 45

Cyclins

Front 46

Why is it bad to damage nervous tissue?

Back 46

Nervous tissue does not go through cell replication and it cannot heal itself

Front 47

What is the shape of DNA?

Back 47

double helix

Front 48

What controls the cell cycle?

Back 48

Cyclins

Front 49

What are the problems growth causes for cells?

Back 49

* DNA can't control cells activities

* Surface area to volume ratio limits cell size because a cells volume increases faster than its surface

* Diffusion of nutrients can't take place fast enough

Front 50

What is the shape of a spindle?

Back 50

A football shape

Front 51

4 stages if mitosos

Back 51

Learn phases

Front 52

What are some things that happen during prophase?

Back 52

* The chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

* The centrioles separate, & a spindle begins to form.

* The nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 53

What happens during metaphase

Back 53

The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere

Front 54

What happens during anaphase

Back 54

The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart

Front 55

What happens during telophase

Back 55

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes

two nuclear envelopes will form

Front 56

What happens during cytokinesis

Back 56

The cytoplasm pinches in half.

Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicated chromosomes

Front 57

What happens during interphase

Back 57

The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles

Front 58

What does the spindle help with?

Back 58

Separating chromosomes

Front 59

Mitosis

Back 59

(:

Front 60

Cytokenisis

Back 60

(: