Biology Ch. 8

Front 1

exocytosis

Back 1

active transport process by which materials are secreted of expelled from a cell

Front 2

endocytosis

Back 2

active transport process by which a cell engulfs material with a portion of the cell's membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell

Front 3

passive transport

Back 3

movement of particles across cell membranes with a portion of the cell;s plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell

Front 4

pinocytosis

Back 4

the transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the cell

Front 5

isotonic solution

Back 5

in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substance in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell

Front 6

phagocytosis

Back 6

the ingestion of a solid substance by means of the infolding of a cell's membrane and its cytoplasm around the material until it has been engulfed by the membrane and a vacuole forms

Front 7

facilitated diffusion

Back 7

passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane

Front 8

osmosis

Back 8

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane

Front 9

hypertonic solution

Back 9

in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cel is higher than the concentration inside the cell

Front 10

active transport

Back 10

energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient

Front 11

hypotonic solution

Back 11

in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell

Front 12

concentration gradient

Back 12

unequal distribution of particles, factor that controls osmosis

Front 13

Passive transport: with or against

Back 13

with concentration gradient; no energy required

Front 14

channel proteins

Back 14

transport proteins; allow specific molecules to flow through

Front 15

carrier proteins (p.t.)

Back 15

transport protein; change shape to allow a substance to pass through the plasma membrane (p.t.)

Front 16

Active transport: with or against

Back 16

against concentration gradient; requires energy

Front 17

carrier protein (a.t.)

Back 17

binds with particle being transported (a.t.)

Front 18

Diffusion limits cell size

Back 18

becomes slow and inefficient as distances grow larger

Front 19

Proteins

Back 19

used throughout the cell and perform critical cell functions

Front 20

Ex: Pelomyxa

Back 20

In many larger cells there will be more than one nucleus, for example:

Front 21

as a cell's size increases, it's volume

Back 21

___________ increases much faster than its surface area

Front 22

cell division

Back 22

process by which new cells are made

Front 23

identical

Back 23

cell division results in two cells that are ________ to the original parent cell

Front 24

chromosomes

Back 24

cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passes from generation to generation of cells; for most of their life they exist as chromatin

Front 25

1. several short stringy structures appear in nucleus
2. these structures vanish soon after division of cell
3. they are called chromosomes

Back 25

description of chromosomes

Front 26

chromatin

Back 26

long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

Front 27

histones

Back 27

DNA is wrapped around these proteins

Front 28

cell cycle

Back 28

is the sequence of growth and division of a cell

Front 29

Interphase

Back 29

period of growth, carries on metabolism, chromosomes are duplicated

Front 30

Mitosis

Back 30

period of nuclear division

Front 31

Cytokinesis

Back 31

following mitosis the cytoplasm divides separating two daughter cells

Front 32

G1 phase (gap 1)

Back 32

the cell undergoes intense growth; in interphase

Front 33

S phase (synthesis)

Back 33

genetic material copied; in interphase

Front 34

G2 phase (gap 2)

Back 34

centrioles, mitochondria or other organelles replicate, cell prepares for division; in interphase

Front 35

prophase

Back 35

chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers appear between centrioles

Front 36

sister chromatids

Back 36

two halves of the visible chromosome

Front 37

centromere

Back 37

connects the sister chromatids, splits during anaphase

Front 38

metaphase

Back 38

the doubled chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers by their centromeres, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) of the spindle

Front 39

spindle

Back 39

football-shaped, cagelike structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubles

Front 40

anaphase

Back 40

centromeres split and the sister chromatid are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell

Front 41

telophase

Back 41

spindle fibers START to break down, nucleolus reappears and the new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

Front 42

cytokinesis (plant)

Back 42

the CELL PLATE is laid across the cell's equator, a cell membrane forms around each cell and new cell walls form on each side of the cell plate

Front 43

result of mitosis

Back 43

groups of cells work together as tissues

Front 44

organization in multicellular organisms

Back 44

cells-tissues; tissues-organs; organs-organ systems; organ systems-survival of the organism

Front 45

cyclins

Back 45

proteins that control the cell cycle

Front 46

enzymes

Back 46

attache to the cyclin, control the cell

Front 47

cancer

Back 47

a result of uncontrolled cell division

Front 48

gene

Back 48

directs enzyme production, they are segments of DNA

Front 49

tumors

Back 49

masses of tissue made by out of control cancer cells

Front 50

benign

Back 50

if the cancer remains in one location and doesn't spread

Front 51

malignant

Back 51

in later stages, when cancer cells enter the circulatory system and spread throughout the body forming tumors

Front 52

causes of cancer

Back 52

genetic, environmental: cigarette smoke, air and water pollution, and exposure to UV radiation

Front 53

cancer prevention

Back 53

healthy diet and not using tobacco