Biology Ch 5

Front 1

Life's large molecules are classified into four main categories:

Back 1

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 2

organic molecule:

Back 2

carbon-based molecule

Front 3

inorganic molecule:

Back 3

non-carbon-based molecule

Front 4

hydrocarbon:

Back 4

organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 5

functional group:

Back 5

group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

Front 6

hydrophilic:

Back 6

attracts water molecules

Front 7

monomer:

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small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule

Front 8

polymer:

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long chain of small molecular units (monomers)

Front 9

carbohydrate

Back 9

organic compound made of sugar molecules

Front 10

monosaccharide:

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sugar containing one sugar unit

Front 11

disaccharide:

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sugar containing two monosaccharides

Front 12

polysaccharide:

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long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers

Front 13

starch:

Back 13

polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers

Front 14

glycogen:

Back 14

polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers

Front 15

cellulose:

Back 15

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Front 16

lipid:

Back 16

one of a class of water-avoiding compounds

Front 17

hydrophobic:

Back 17

avoids water molecules

Front 18

fat:

Back 18

organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids

Front 19

saturated fat:

Back 19

fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

Front 20

unsaturated fat:

Back 20

fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains

Front 21

steroid:

Back 21

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

Front 22

cholesterol:

Back 22

steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells

Front 23

protein:

Back 23

polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers

Front 24

amino acid:

Back 24

monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups

Front 25

polypeptide:

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chain of linked amino acids

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denaturation:

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loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Front 27

activation energy:

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minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction

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catalyst:

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agent that speeds up chemical reactions

Front 29

enzyme:

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specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell

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substrate:

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specific reactant acted on by an enzyme

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active site:

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region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits

Front 32

hydrolysis reaction

Back 32

When cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them (the reverse of dehydration. Water(hydro-) is used to break down(-lysis) the polymer.

Front 33

At room temp is a solid

Back 33

saturated

Front 34

at room temp liquid

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unsaturated