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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is evolution?
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the process of change that has transformed life on Earth.
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Biology is...
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the scintific study of life
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Define life.
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Life defies a seimple definitions, but we reconginze life by what living things do.
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Evolution is the idea that
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organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors.
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How far does life extend? (on a scale)
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from microsopic to global.
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What are emergent properties?
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Properties that arn't present at the precing level. come from the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
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What is Reductionism?
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the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more managable to study.
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What is systems biology?
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to constuct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
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Name the levels of biological organization
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Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communitie, Populations, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules
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Do organisms interact with their environments?
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Organisms interact continuesly with their environment [living and nonliving included] and are affected by any other interations.
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Explain the process of cycling of nutirents
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Nutirents are taken from the air and soil into a plant, which is eaten by a deer, which dies, and leaves the nutrients in the soil to be used again
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Explain the energy cycle.
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The energy from sunlight enters the atmosphere and shines on the producers (they convert the energy into storage), consumers eat the plants, and all excess energy is radiated as heat.
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What is Energy?
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Energy is required by work, and work drives living things.
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How does the exchange of energy change energy?
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It transforms it into differnt forms of energy.
(from light, to chemical, to kinetic, to heat) |
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How does energy flow through the environment?
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It enters as light and exits as heat.
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What is the lowest level of organization that is still life?
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The cell.
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What is the basis for all reproduction?
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The division of cells to form new cells. Also contributes to the growth and repair of multicellular organisms.
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What does every cell contain?
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A membrane and DNA
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Whats the difference btwn Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic?
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a cell that is simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells. No membranes.
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What are the two groups of Prokayotic cells?
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Bacteria and Archaea.
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What are the groups of eukaryotic cells?
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plants, animals, protist
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What defines a eukaryotic cell?
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it is subdivided by internal membranes into various organelles,
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What is the largest organelle
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The nucleus
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Where is DNA located
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in the chromosomes of the nucleus.
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What is DNA?
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a cells genetic material
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What is deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
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What are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring?
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Genes, which are made of DNA
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What is a chromosome?
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a very long DNA molecule with thousand s of genes
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How many offspring inherits a complete set of genes
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two from one cell
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What does DNA control?
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the development and maintenance of the entire organism
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What shape is a DNA molecule?
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two longs chains arranged in a double heliz.
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What are nucleotides
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the chain links of DNA,
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What does DNA control?
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protein production (indirectly)
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What is RNA
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a gene that is translated into a specific protien with a unique shape and function
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What is RNA in relation to DNA?
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the intermediary molecule that carries out the instructions of the DNA
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What do differences in organisms represent?
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Differences in nucleotide sequences
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What is a genome?
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the library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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DNA has how many nucleotides?
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3 billion
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How did scientists discover the genome sequences of organisms?
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through the development of new methods and DNA sequencing machines
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What are the three key research developments that brought systems biology within reach?
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high throughput technology [computers that can rapidly analyze huge amounts of data], bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams.
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What is bioinformatics?
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the use of computation tools to store organize and analyze the huge volume of data that resuts from high throughput methods.
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What is feedback?
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the output regulates the process creating it.
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What is negative feedback
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accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process down.
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What is positive feedback
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the end product speeds up its production.
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How many species have biologist named?
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1.8 million
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What is Taxonomy?
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the branch of biology that names and classifies speices, formalizes this ordering of species into groups of increasing breadth
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What are the units fro classification?
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Domains, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What are the three domains?
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaya
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Which domains are Prokayotic?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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What is 'Protista'?
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the former kindgdom containing single celled eukayotes known as protozoans
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What are protozoan?
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single celled Eukayotes.
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Life is very...
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unified
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Unity is shown through
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the universal genetic language of DNA and in many features of cell structure
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Fossils and other evidence exhibits..
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the changing of Earth billions of years old, the life forms and their evolution,
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What did Darwin write?
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
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What were the Origin of Species main points?
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descent with modification and natural selection
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Descent with Modification captures
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the duality of life's unity and diversity
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What are the points of natural selection
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individuals ina population vary in their traits [are inheritable] there are more offspring than can survive, competition is inevitable, species usually suit their environments
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