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63 Cards in this Set
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Electron Transport Chain |
A collective term describing the series of membrane-associated electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It puts the electrons harvested from the oxidation of glucose to work driving proton-pumping channels |
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Krebs Cycle |
Another name for the citric acid cycle; also called the tricaboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. A cycle of chemical reactions that harvests electrons from C-H chemical bonds and passes the energy rich electrons to carrier molecules. NADH and FADH2 |
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Reduction |
The gain of an electron during a chemical reaction from one atom to another. Occurs simultaneously with oxidation |
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Glycolysis |
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP |
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Oxidation Reduction Reaction |
A type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost from one atom (oxidation) are gained by another atom (reduction).
Termed redox for short |
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Oxidation |
The loss of an electron during a chemical reaction from one atom to another. Occurs simultaneously with reduction. Is the second stage of the 10reactions of glycolysis |
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Chemiosmosis |
The cellular process responsible for almost all of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) harvested from food and for all the ATP produced by photosynthesis |
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Fermentation |
A catabolic process in which the final election acceptor is an organic molecule |
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Cellular Respiration |
The process in which the energy stored in a glucose molecule is released by oxidation. Hydrogen atoms are lost by glucose and gained by oxygen |
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Pigment |
A molecule that absorbs light |
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Calvin Cycle |
The dark reactions of C3 photosynthesis; also called the Calvin Benson Cycle |
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Photorespiration |
A process in which carbon dioxide is released without the production o ATP or NADPH. Because it produces neither ATP nor NADPH, photorespiration acts to undo the work of photosynthesis |
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C4 Photosynthesis |
A process of CO2 fixation in photosynthesis by which the first product is the 4 Carbon oxaloacetate molecule |
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Proton |
A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom that carries a positive charge. The number of protons determines the chemical character of the atom because it dictates the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus and available for chemical activity |
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Pyruvate contains three carbon atoms; an acetyl group has only two. What happens to the other carbon atom? |
The third carbon atom from pyruvate is released as CO2 |
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Photosystem |
An organized complex of chlorophyll, other pigments, and proteins that traps light energy as excited electrons. Plants have two linked photosystems in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast |
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Photosynthesis |
The process by which plants, algae, and bacteria use the energy of sunlight to create from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) the more complicated molecules that make up living organisms |
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Enzyme |
A protein capable of speeding up a specific chemical reactions by lowering the energy required to activate or start the reaction but remains unaltered in the process |
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Endergonic Reactions |
Endergonic reactions have products with more energy than reactants These reactions require an input of energy |
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Exergonic Reactions |
Exergonic reactions have products with less energy than the reactants These reactions tend to occur spontaneously |
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Activation Energy |
Initial input of energy Initiated a chemical reaction by destabilizing existing chemical bonds |
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Catalysis |
When activation energy is lowered |
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Adenosine Triphosphate ATP |
A molecule composed of ribose, adenine, and a triphosphate group. ATP is the chief energy currency of all cells. Cells focus all their energy resources on the manufacturing of ATP from ADP and phosphate, which requires the cell to supply 7 kilocalories of energy obtained from foodstuff to form 1 mile of ATP |
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Energy |
The capacity to bring about change, to do work |
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Entropy |
A measure of the disorder of a system. A measure of energy that has become so randomized and uniform in a system that the energy is no longer available to do work |
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What happens in each of the two main stages of photosynthesis? |
In the first stage of photosynthesis (light reaction). Light energy is captured by pigments and converted to the chemical of ATP and NADPH. In the second stage of photosynthesis (carbon reactions) the energy of ATP and the electrons in NADPH are used to make glucose from CO2 |
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What is the relationship between visible light and the electronic spectrum? |
The electromagnetic spectrum includes the visible light portion in addition to gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet radiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves |
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What is photosynthesis? |
Is the chemical process in which plants, algae and some microorganisms convert solar energy. A photosynthetic cell uses light energy to form glucose and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water |
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How does it benefit a plant yo have multiple types of pigments? |
Multiple pigments types allow a photosynthetic organism to absorb energy from a broader range of wavelength of light. |
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Describe the relationship among the chloroplast, stroma, grana, and thylakoids |
Chloroplasts are organelles that contain the other structures or substances. Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast, the stroma is a fluid-filled space that surrounds grana, which ate stacks of thylakoids |
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How does the reaction center chlorophyll interact with the antenna pigments in photosystem? |
The antenna pigments capture light energy and send it to the reaction center chlorophyll. Which uses it for the reactions of photosynthesis |
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What happens in the carbon reactions? |
The carbon reactions use NADPH and ATP from the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide, producing the three-carbon molecule PGAL and, ultimately, glucose |
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What are the roles of CO2, ATP, and NADPH on the Calvin Cycle? |
CO2 is the source of the carbon atoms that eventually become a glucose molecule. ATP provides the energy and NADPH provides the electrons for the Calvin Cycle reactions. |
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How foes photorespiration counter photosynthesis? |
In photorespiration, the rubisco enzyme uses O2 instead of CO2. The resulting chemical reaction liberates CO2 that has already been fixed, and thus counters photosynthesis |
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Photosynthesis takes place in plants, algae and some microbes. How does it affect a meat eating animal? |
Photosynthesis produces the plant tissue that herbivores eat. A meat-eating animal that eats the herbivore therefore relies indirectly in photosynthesis Photosynthesis also produces CO2 which animals require |
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What color would plants be if they absorbed all wavelengths of visible light? Why? |
If plants absorbed all wavelengths of visible light, they would appear black because no light would be reflected |
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How does the body store extra calories as fat? |
Acetyl CoA molecules can be diverted and combined to form fats, which are stored in fat tissue |
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What are two examples of fermentation pathways? |
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are two examples |
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What is the role of O2 in the electron transport chain? |
In the electron transport chain, O2 functions as the final electron acceptor. O2 binds to electrons that have traveled to the end of the transport chain, which allows subsequent electrons to move along the pathway |
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How do NADH and FADH2 power ATP formation? |
These molecules deliver energy-rich electrons to the electron transport chain to power the concentration of hydrogen ions (also delivered by NADH and FADH2). Those concentrated hydrogen ions are used to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP |
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How does the krebs cycle generate CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
The krebs cycle generated CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as it rearranges and oxidizes citrate through several intermediate molecules. The energy and electrons derived from these chemical reactions are stored in ATP, NADH and FADH2. A molecule of CO2 is released in two of these chemical reactions |
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At which points do digested polysaccharides, proteins, and fats enter the energy pathways? |
Digested polysaccharides enter at glycolysis. Proteins enter at glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the krebs cycle. Fats enter at both glycolysis and the krebs cycle |
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How does the actual ATP yield compare to the theoretical yield? |
The theoretical yield is 36 ATP, but some protons leak across the membrane which would reduce the actual ATP yield to about 30 ATP per molecule of glucose |
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Why is the Calvin Cycle also called the C3 pathway? |
The Calvin cycle is called the C3 pathway because the first stable compound produced is the three-carbon molecule PGA |
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Where in the chloroplast does each stage occur? |
The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast, and the carbon reactions occur in the stroma of a chloroplast |
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How many ATP molecules per glucose does fermentation produce? |
A fermentation organism produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule |
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How is an autotroph different from a heterotroph? |
An autotroph uses inorganic molecules to make its own organic compounds, but heterotrophs must eat other organisms to get their carbon |
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Why is photosynthesis essential to life? |
Photosynthesis is essential to life because almost all life on the planet ultimately depends on it for a food source. |
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What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? |
The overall equation that describes cellular respiration is 6O2 + C6H12O6 >>>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP |
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Why do all organisms need ATP? |
All organisms need ATP to provide the potential chemical energy that powers the chemical reactions that occur in their cells |
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How is cellular respiration related to breathing? |
Breathing inhales air to bring in the needed O2 for aerobic respiration and exhales air to remove the CO2 created in aerobic respiration |
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Why do the reactions of respiration occur step by step instead of all at once? |
If the reactions of respiration occurred all at once, the sudden release of heat energy would harm or destroyed |
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How can plants release more O2 in photosynthesis than they consume in respiration? |
Plants can release more O2 in photosynthesis than they consume in respiration because they do not respire all of the glucose they produce. For example, plants may store glucose as starch or cellulose |
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What are the parts of a mitochondrion? |
The parts of a mitochondrion are an outer membrane that envelops the mitochondrion; a highly folded inner membrane; an intermembrane compartment between the two membranes; and inner fluid called the mitochondrial matrix |
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Which respiratory reactions occur in each part of the mitochondrion? |
The electron transport chain is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. (In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is embedded in the cells outer membrane, and the Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.) |
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What are the starting materials and end products of glycolysis? |
The starting materials of glycolysis are glucose and 2 molecules if ATP. At the end of glycolysis there are 4 ATPs, 2NADHs, and 2 pyruvate molecules for each molecule of glucose |
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What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis? |
There is a net gain of 2 ATPs and 2NADH for each glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis |
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DNA |
Is comprised of subunits called nucleotides Each DNA nucleotide has three parts -a central deoxyribose sugar -a phosphate group -an organic base |
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Kingdom |
The chief taxonomic category. 6 kingdoms : Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae |
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Metabolism |
The process by which all living things assimilate energy and use it to grow |
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Homeostasis |
The maintaining of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism or steady state equilibrium in a population or ecosystem |
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Population |
Any group of individuals of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time |
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Species |
A group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups; a taxonomic unit ranking below a genus and designated by a two part scientific name consisting of its genus and the species name |
