Biology 7: Exam 2 - Week 2

Front 1

What domain are protists included in, and what does this imply about their cellular function?

Back 1

They are included in the Domain: Eukarya

This implies that they have a nucleus, and are complex cells.

Front 2

What is the typical number of cells for protists?

Back 2

Tend to be unicellular, but some are multicellular and some are colonial.

Front 3

What are the nutritional needs of protists?

Back 3

Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic and some are mixotrophic.

Front 4

What are the reproductive and sexual life cycles of protists?

Back 4

Asexual, sexual, or syngamy.

Front 5

Define syngamy:

Back 5

When two gametes fuse (fertilize) and form a zygote.

Front 6

Describe endosymbiosis:

Back 6

Symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

A cell consumed another cell but did not digest it and it becomes a symbiont. Over time it becomes an organelle.

Possibly how mitochondria and chloroplasts came to exist inside of cells.

Front 7

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

Back 7

1)Excavata ("excavated feeding groove")

2)SAR (Alveola, Stramenopila, Rhizaria)

3)Archaeplastida

4)Unikonta

Front 8

What are the Kingdoms of Supergroup Excavata and their general characteristics.

Back 8

Kingdom Parabasala,

Kingdom Diplomonadida,

Kingdom Euglenozoa

(not everyone agrees on their characteristsics) Have modified mitochondria, and unique flagella.

Front 9

Characteristics of Kingdom: Diplomonadida

Give an example of one.

Back 9

Has mitosomes which are special mitochondria without electron transport chain. Is an animal parasite. Has flagella. Has two equal sized nuclei. Is an anaerobe.

Ex. Giardia (Intestinal parasite) usually transmitted by water infested by Giardia cysts.

Front 10

Characteristics of Kingdom: Parabasala

Give an example of one.

Back 10

Have hydrogenosomes, many are parasites, have flagella and a folding membrane.

Ex. Trichomonas vaginalis

Front 11

Characteristics of Kingdom: Euglenozoa

Back 11

A diverse clade, many of which are mixotrophic, and have a crystalline rod in flagellum.

Front 12

Identify supergroup, kingdom, phylum and name and some characteristics.

Back 12

Supergroup: Excavata

Kingdom: Euglenozoa

Phylum: Kinetoplastida

Member: Typanosoma

Has folding membrane and flagellum. Its vector is the tsetse fly. It is a parasite causing African Sleeping Sickness and its host is humans.

Front 13

Identify supergroup, kingdom, and name.

Back 13

Supergroup: Excavata

Kingdom: Parabasala

Member: Trichomonas

Front 14

Identify supergroup, kingdom, and name.

Back 14

Supergroup: Excavata

Kingdom: Diplomonadida

Member: Giardia

Front 15

Characteristics of Phylum: Kinetoplastida

Give an example of one.

Back 15

Kinetoplast are a mass of DNA within mitochondria.

Example: Trypanosoma, which causes African Sleeping Sickness.

Front 16

Characteristics of Phylum: Euglenophyta

Give an example of one.

Back 16

Mixotrophs that usually do photosynthesis. Has a pigmented eyespot that blocks light from certain directions so it can protect itself from certain light intensities and direct itself. Has a nucleus, and bands of protein called pellicles. Has two flagella and located at the base of the long flagellum is an enlarged region called the light detector. Includes chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a contractile vacuole.

Front 17

The 3 kingdoms of supergroup: SAR

Back 17

1) Kingdom: Alveolata

2) Kingdom: Stramenopila

3) Kingdom: Rhizaria

Front 18

Characteristics of Kingdom: Alveolata and name the 3 phlyums associated.

Back 18

Has membrane sacs called alveoli under the plasma membrane.

1) Phylum: Dinoflagella (Dinophyta)

2) Phylum: Apicomplexa

3) Phylum: Ciliophora (Ciliates)

Front 19

Characteristics of Phylum: Dinoflagella

Back 19

Has two flagella found at right angles.

Are marine.

Heterotrophic.

Has chitnous plates.

Front 20

Characteristics Phylum: Apicomplexa

Back 20

Are parasites of animals (some causing serious human disease).

Exists as sporozoites when infectious cells (such as Plasmodium in a mosquito.)

Has an apical complex which is a conical structure at the tapered end of the organism.

Has apicoplast which are a special type of plastid.

Most have sexual and asexual life stages involving two hosts.

Front 21

Plasmodium: Name supergroup, kingdom, phylum.

Describe life stages (8).

Back 21

Supergroup: SAR

Kingdom: Alveolata

Phylum: Apicomplexa

1) Infected mosquito bites human and transfers infectious cells into human called sporozoites.

2) Inside the human the sporozoites migrate to liver and infect liver cells, where they change into merozoites (with apical complex).

3) The merozoites burst out of liver cells and enter the blood. Uses its apical complex to enter the blood cell.

4) Within the blood cells it produces gametocytes which then burst out of RBC.

5) Another mosquito bites the host.

6) Within the mosquito's gut gametocytes become gametes and fuse.

7) Produces an oocyst (protective case) that have diploid cells which undergo meiosis and produce sporozoites.

8) Sporozoites burst out of the oocyst and migrate to salivary glands of the mosquito.

Front 22

Characteristics of Phylum: Cilophora

Give an example.

Back 22

Use cilia to move & feed. Has two nuclei: Macro for everyday control of the cell micro for reproduction.

Example: Paramecium

Front 23

Identify supergroup, kingdom, phylum, member:

Describe Lifestages(9).

Back 23

Supergroup: SAR

Kingdom: Alveolata

Phylum: Ciliophora

Member: Paramecium

1) Two cells come together (both macro and micro nuclei are diploid).

2) The micronuclei of both undergo meiosis.

3) Three micronuclei in each cell disintergrates and the remaining micronuclei undergoes mitosis.

4) The paramecium exchange micronuclei.

5) The two micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus in each cell.

6) The micronucleus goes through three rounds of mitosis to produce 8 micronuclei.

7) The original macronucleus in each paramecium disintegrates and the four micronuclei become macronuclei.

8) It then performs two rounds of binary fission.

9) End with four cells that have diploid macronucleus and diploid micronucleus.

10) End with 8 new paramecium.

Front 24

Characteristics of Kingdom: Stramenopila

Back 24

Have a hairy and a smooth flagellum.

Three phylums:

1) Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

2) Chrysophyta (golden algae)

3) Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Front 25

Characteristics of phylum: Bacillariophyta

(aka diatoms)

Back 25

Have two parts called tests made of silica. Asexual reproduction. Autotrophic using chlorophyll and fucoxanthin. Is harvested as diatomaceous earth.

Front 26

Characteristics of phylum: Chrysophyta (aka golden algae)

Back 26

Single cells living in colonies. Are autotrophic using chlorophyll and carotinids.

Front 27

Characteristics of phylum: Phaeophyta (aka brown kelp)

Back 27

Are autotrophic using chlorophyll and fucoxanthin. Has a body structure called a thallus that has three parts: holdfast, stipe and blades.

Reproduction method is an alteration of generations. Causing structures to be some heteromorphic and some isomorphic. Lives in marine environment.

Front 28

Characteristics of phylum: Oomycota

Back 28

Some similarities to fungi:

- Has hyphae

- No plastids

Different from fungi:

- Has cellulose in cell walls.

- Flagellated cells (spores)

Front 29

Characteristics of Kingdom: Rhizaria

Back 29

Have threadlike pseudopodia (extensions of the plasma membrane).

Includes phylums:

1) Radiolaria

2) Foraminifera

Front 30

Characteristics of phylum: Radiolaria

Back 30

Thin pseudopodia that extend from the center and are sharp looking.

Protected by silica.

Front 31

Characteristics of phylum: Foraminifera

Back 31

Has calcium carbonate tests for protection. Its pseudopodia come out of its pores.

Front 32

Describe the overall characteristics of Supergroup: Archaeplastida and name its phylums.

Back 32

Arose approx. 1 billion years ago.

Engulfed a cyanobacterial endosymbiont allowing it to become photosynthetic. Descendants are land plants, red algae and green algae.

Phylums we are concerned with are:

1) Rhodophyta (red algae)

2) Chlorophyta (green algae)

Front 33

Characteristics of phylum: Rhodophyta (red algae)

Back 33

They are multicellular organisms living in a marine environment that are small and autotrophic using chlorophyll and phycoerythrin for photosynthesis. Uses an alteration of generations for reproduction.

Front 34

Characteristics of phylum: Chlorophyta (green algae)

Back 34

Similar to land plants. They are named after their green chloroplasts with chlorophyll. Can live in fresh water, marine, snow, and damp soil. They are typically unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

ex. chlamydomonas, volvox, ulva, (pictured spirogyra).

Front 35

Describe the reproductive process of chlamydomonas

Back 35

Asexual reproduction occurs when environmental conditions are normal.

1) The adult undergoes mitosis after absorbing flagellum.

2) Zoospores form flagella and burst out.

Sexual reproduction occurs when conditions are not ideal.

3) 2 different mating types form gametes and fuse.

4)Zygote has a hard casing that allows it to withstand harsh conditions.

5)When conditions improve the cell undergoes meiosis.

6) Forms four haploid cells that form flagella and break out of casing.

Front 36

Describe the supergroup: Unikonta

What kingdoms does it include?

What phylums does it include?

Back 36

Unknown which clade might be the root of the ancestral tree Amoebozoa or Opisthokonts.

Includes Kingdom: mycetozoa and Phylums: Myxogastrida, Dictystelida, and Tubulinids.

Front 37

Describe the kingdom Mycetozoa and name its 3 phylums:

Back 37

Produces fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal. Were once considered fungi, but have since been removed from this classification. Has two branches that are distinguished by their lifecycles. Has lobe shaped pseudopodia used for taxis and eating.

Phylums:

1) Myxogastridia (plasmodial slime mold)

2) Dictyostelida (cellular slime mold)

3) Tubulinids (amoeba proteus)

Front 38

Characteristics of phylum: Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime mold)

Back 38

Named after its feeding mechanism. It is brightly colored and feeds with a structure called a plasmodium which exists when conditions are favorable. Feeds on decomposing material. When conditions are not favorable it will produce fruiting bodies that undergo meiosis forming a motile cell that has flagellated cells.

Front 39

Characteristics of phylum: Dictyostelida (cellular slime mold)

Back 39

Made up of single cells that form a mass called a super cell when environment is favorable for feeding. Will produce fruiting bodies if conditions are not favorable.

Front 40

Characteristics of phylum: Tubulinids

Back 40

Are heterotrophic using its pseudopodia to move and to feed. Is able to freely liquefy and solidify its cytoplasm to push it through the pseudopodia for extension.

Front 41

What is the clade opisthokonta?

Back 41

It is at the same level as amoebozoa, but includes animals, fungi, and several groups of protists.

Front 42

What are the ecological roles of protists?

Back 42

Symbiotic protists having mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic relationships with other organisms.

Protists perform 30% of the world's photosynthesis, with 20% performed by bacteria and 50% by land plants.