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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First line of defense includes?
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external, nonspecific defense mechanisms
-intact skin -mucous memebranes and their secretions |
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Second line of defense includes?
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internal, nonspecific defense mechanisms that indiscriminately attack any foreign matter that manages to penetrate the bodies external defenses
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Third line of defense includes?
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specific response tailored to a specific pathogen
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What types of immune cells does the bone marrow produce?
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lymphocytes, monocytes, leukocytes, B cells and T cells
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Which organ secretes thymosin?
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thymus
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Which hormone stimulates pre-T cells to mature?
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thymosin
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What is the spleen used for?
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storage center for blood and filters blood and lymph
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Lysozyme
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enzyme found in tears that can digest the peptidoglycan wall of many bacteria to prevent their entry into the body
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What is released in response to a viral infection?
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interons
(they stimulate the production of proteins that interfere with viral replication) |
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The inflammatory response happens as a result of?
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cellular damage
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What do injured cells release?
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histamine
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What does histamine do?
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causes blood vessels to dilate, resulting in increased blood flow to the damage site
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Why does fever often acompany the inflammatory response?
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it can retard bacterial growth as some bacteria can only grow in a certain temperature range
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Neutrophils and macrophages are both?
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white blood cells
(seek out infectious agents by via phagocytosis) |
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B cells and T cells can do what specifically?
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recognize and eliminate foreign matter
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T cells response is called...?
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cellular response
(because it involves the direct action of the T cells) |
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B cells response is called...?
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humoral response
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B cell/ humoral response includes...?
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production of antibodies
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Three important types of T cells are?
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- Cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells - Suppressor T cells |
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Cytotoxic T cells
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kill cells that are infected by a pathogen that the cell recognizes
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Helper T cells
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coordinate the immune response of other cells against specific antigens through the secretion of signaling molecules called lymphokines
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Interleukins
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a type of signaling molecule
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Suppressor T cells
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regulate other T and B cells to decrease their activity
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Signaling molecule that is involved in the coordination of the immune response
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lymphokine
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Maturation site of T cells...?
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thymus
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Antigens
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entities that the immune system deems as foreign and mounts a response against them
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How do B cells respond to antigens?
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by making antibodies
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Immunoglobulins
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antibodies
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Antibodies do what with antigens?
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recognize and bind to them
-attracts other cells to phagocytose them or causes the antigens to agglutinate forming large insoluble complexes also removed by phagocytic cells |
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MCH I receptors are found on what types of cells?
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all cells
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MCH class II proteins are found on what types of cells?
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macrophages, B cells and T cells
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MHC stands for what?
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Major Histocompatibility Complex
(found on the plasma membrane of cells) |
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MCH proteins are involved in what type of response?
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T cell response
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What do you call the antigen recognition proteins expressed by T cells?
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T cell receptors
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How are T cells able to recognize antigens?
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ONLY when they are present on another cell (not freely floating around in solution)
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When macrophages eat foreign bacteria they display parts of them on their membrane via MHC class II proteins, why?
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For helper T cells to see
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When Helper T cells recognize a class II protein on a macrophage, they?
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Scream "Oh, yeah" and secrete interleukins
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Interleukins do what?
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activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells and stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies
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Plasma cells
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specialized B cells that produce and secrete antibodies
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Variable region
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-varies from one antibody to another
-place where antigens bind |
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Epitope
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specific part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system
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The sequence of variable regions determines what?
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antibody specificity
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Upon the first exposure to an antigen, the initial response of the immune system is called?
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primary immune response
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The second time the immune system encounters the antigen is called the?
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secondary immune response which is quicker, stronger, longer and more effective
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Immunological memory
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the ability of the body to recognize an antigen to which it has previously been exposed
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Memory cells are produced during which immune response?
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Primary one, yet quickly proliferate if they are again exposed to the antigen that caused their creation
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Immunity acquired through immunization is called?
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artificially acquired
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Active immunity
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development of antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen
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Vaccination
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infection with a weakened or killed form of an antigen
(the immune system mounts an immune response against the antigen and produces memory cells |
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Passive immunity
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transfer of pre-formed antibodies
(during pregnancy some antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta-- lasts only as long as the antibodies remain in the blood stream |
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The majority of the MHC class I molecules on the surface of a cell infected with a bacterium will have bound peptides that are derived from...?
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bacterium
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The cellular response is directed against?
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pathogens that have entered body cells
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The humoral response is directed against?
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free floating antigens
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