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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the cardiovascular system do?
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transports respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes to and from cells
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What does the lymphatic system do?
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collects excess body fluids and returns them to cardiovascular circulation
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What are the three main components of the human cardiovascular system?
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four-chambered heart, blood vessels and blood
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Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries?
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right side
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Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart via which veins?
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pulmonary veins
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The aorta pumps blood into what, and then what?
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arteries, arterioles then microscopic capillaries
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Where does exchange of gases, nutrients an dcellular waste products occur?
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Diffusion across capillary walls
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Capillaries converge into what, and then what?
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venules, veins... leading deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart
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Blood returning from the lower body ad extremities enters the heart via what?
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inferior vena cava
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Deoxygenated blood from the upper head and neck region flows through what, into what?
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jugular vein, superior vena cava
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What arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart?
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coronary arteries
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Where do the arteries branch off?
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aorta
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What returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart?
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coronary veins and the coronary sinus
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What do you call the portal system found in the liver?
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Heptatic portal system
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What do you call the portal system found in the brain?
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hypophyseal portal circulation
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What is a portal system?
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a place where blood travels through two capillary beds prior to returning to the heart
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What is myocardial ischemia?
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deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the heart
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What is myocardial infarction?
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heart attack
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What is the most common cause for decreased coronary heart flow?
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atherosclerosis
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Which ventrical is more muscular?
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left
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What is systemic circulation?
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the circulation that goes through the body
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What do the atrioventricular valves do?
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prevent backflow of blood into the atria
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What do you call the the valve on the right side of the heart?
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Tricuspid valve
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What do you call the valve on the left side of the heart?
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mitral valve
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Where are the semilunar valves located?
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between the left ventricle and the aorta and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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What two phases make up a heartbeat?
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systole and diastole
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What is systole?
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the period during which the venticles contract
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What is diastole?
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the period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all four chambers
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Cardiac output
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the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
Cardiac output= heart rate (number of beats per minute) * stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction) |
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What are the "lub dubs" you hear when you listen to your heart?
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S1- the two atrioventricular valves close at the start of systole
S2- produced when the two semilunar valves lcose at the conclusion of systole |
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What does the sinoatrial (SA) node do?
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regulates ordinary cardiac muscle contractions
(spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating htem to contract simultaneously) |
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What is the sinoatrial node?
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a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium
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Where does the impulse from the SA node arrive?
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at the atrioventricular (AV) node
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What does the AV node do?
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It conducts slowly, allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood
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After the AV node, what carries the impulse?
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the bundle of His (AV bundle)- which branches into the right and left bundle branches
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Where are the Purkinje fibers located?
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in the walls of both ventricles
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Via what, does the parasympathetic system innervate the heart?
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vagus nerve (causing a decrease in heart rate)
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Via what does the sympathetic system innervate the heart?
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the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia causing an increase in the heart rate
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How does the adrenal medulla exert hormonal control?
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via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion which causes and increase in heart rate
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What is an electrocardiogram?
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recording of heart currents through the skin
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The electrical spokes of the EKG occur just before what?
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a cardiac contractile event
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When does the P wave occur?
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immediately before the atria contract
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What does the T wave represent?
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ventricular repolarization
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When does the QRS complex occur?
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just before the ventricles contract
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What are the three types of blood vessels?
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arteries, veins and capillaries
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Arteries
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are thickly-walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away form the heart, except for pulmonary arteries (transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs)
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Describe veins
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thinly-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blod towards the hears (except for pulmonary veins)
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What does much of the blood flow in the veins depend on?
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the compression by skeletal muscles during movement
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Why do larger veins in the legs have valves?
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to prevent backflow
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Capillaries
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have very thin walls that are composed of a single later of endothelial cells across which respieratory gasses, nutrients, enzymes, hormones and wastes can readily diffuse
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Which of the three types of blood vessels has teh smallest diameter?
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capillaries
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T/F
Red blood cells must often travel thorugh them single file. |
T
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What is pulmonary thromboemboli
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block segments of the pulmonary arteries
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Blood pressure
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force per area that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels
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What is the instrument called that measures blood pressure?
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sphygomanometer
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As what is blood pressure expressed?
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systolic and diastolic pressure
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How much blood does the human body contain on average?
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4-6 liters
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Plasma
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liquid portion of blood
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What are the main cellular components of blood?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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What is another name for a red blood cell?
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erythrocyte
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About how many molecules of hemoglobin does an erythrocyte contain?
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250 million
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From what are erythrocytes made?
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stem cells in the bone marrow
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What are some major components that erythrocytes lack?
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cell nucleus, mitochondria, and membranous organelles
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Since erythrocytes lack mitochondria they are what?
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anaerobic an dget their ATP via glycolysis
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About how long does a erythrocyte circulate in blood?
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120 days
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About how many erythrocytes exist per mm^3 of blood?
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5 million
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What is another name for leukocyte?
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white blood cell
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From where do leukocytes arise?
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stem cells in the marrows of long bones
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Are leukocytes or erythrocytes larger?
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leukocytes
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What is the average number of leukocytes per mm^3 of blood?
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5,000-10,000
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Does erythrocyte count in blood go up or down when the body is battling an infection?
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it goes up
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What are the three types of leukocytes?
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granular, lymphocytes and monocytes
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What do granular leukocytes do?
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play key roles in inflammation, allergic reactions, pus formation, and destruction of invading bacteria and parasites
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What do lymphocytes do?
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play an important role in the immune response
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Where are lymphochtes produced?
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lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix, thymus and bone marrow and are involved in the production of antibodies
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
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What do monocytes do?
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Phagocytize foreign matter and organisms liek bacteria
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What is the origin of macrophages?
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some monocytes migrate from the blood to tissue where theymature into stationary cells called macrophages
(macrophages have greater phagocytic capability than monocytes) |
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What are platelets and where are they made?
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cell fragments, in the bone marrow
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