Biology

Front 1

What is respiration?

Back 1

exchange of gases between an organism and its external environment

Front 2

What does cellular repiration refer to?

Back 2

the role that these gases play at the cellular level

Front 3

Emphysema

Back 3

a disease characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls

(mostly caused by cigarette smoke)

Front 4

Through what does air enter the respiratory tract?

Back 4

external nares

Front 5

What does air pass through after passing through the pharynx?

Back 5

larynx

Front 6

Where does air travel after passing through the larynx?

Back 6

into the cartilaginous trachea

Front 7

What does the trachea divide into?

Back 7

two bronchi

Front 8

What lines both the trachea and the bronchi?

Back 8

ciliated epithelial cells

Front 9

What are the terminal branches of the bronchi called?

Back 9

bronchioles

Front 10

What is each bronchiole surrounded by?

Back 10

clusters of small air sacs called alveoli

Front 11

Where does gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occur?

Back 11

the walls of the alveoli

Front 12

What is each alveolus coated with?

Back 12

surfactant

Front 13

What does surfactant do?

Back 13

lowers the surface tension of the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange across the membranes

Front 14

Ventilation

Back 14

process by which air in inhaled and exhaled

Front 15

What is the purpose of ventilation?

Back 15

take in oxygen from the atmosphere and eliminate carbon dioxide form the body

Front 16

What is the ventilating mechanism dependent upon?

Back 16

pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

Front 17

What is the thoracic cavity?

Back 17

body cavity that contains the heart and lungs

Front 18

What separates the thoracic cavity from th eabdominal cavity?

Back 18

muscle known as the diaphragm

Front 19

What are the two membranes that surround the lungs?

Back 19

visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Front 20

What does the pressure differential between the intrapleural space and the lungs do?

Back 20

keeps the lungs from collapsing

Front 21

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?

Back 21

contracts and flattens

Front 22

What do the external, intercostal muscles do during inhalation?

Back 22

push the rib cage and chest wall up and out

(this allows the thoracic cavity to increase in volume)

Front 23

What is negative pressure breathing?

Back 23

air is drawn in my a vaccum when the intercostal muscles rise during inhalation

Front 24

What type of process is exhalation?

Back 24

a passive one

Front 25

What do the internal intercostal muscles do during exhalation?

Back 25

contract

Front 26

What prevents alaveolar collapse during exhalation?

Back 26

surfactant which reduces the high surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

Front 27

What is pneumothorax?

Back 27

a common result of a penetrating injury to the chest

- it is treated by inserting a needle and withdrawing air from the intrapleural space

Front 28

Where are the neurons located that control respiration?

Back 28

medulla oblongata

Front 29

What can modify the neural signals (in reference to breathing) from the medulla oblongata?

Back 29

chemoreceptors (found in the aorta)

Front 30

What do the chemoreceptors respond to?

Back 30

changes in pH and partial pressure of CO2 in the blood

Front 31

What happens when the partial pressure of CO2 rises?

Back 31

The medulla oblongata with increase the rate of breathing

Front 32

What can consciously control breathing?

Back 32

cerebrum

Front 33

How does hyperventilation affect affect the partial pressure of CO2?

Back 33

lowers the artial pressure of CO2 in blood below normal

(chemoreceptors sense this and send signals to the respiratory center to temporarily inhibit breathing)

Front 34

What does a spirometer measure?

Back 34

the amount of air normally present in the respiratory system and the rate at which ventilation occurs

Front 35

What is the vital capacity?

Back 35

the maximum amount of air that can be forcitly inhaled and exhaled form the lungs

Front 36

What is the tidal capacity?

Back 36

the amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Front 37

What is the residual volume?

Back 37

the air that always remains in the lungs, preventing the alveoli from collapsing

Front 38

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Back 38

the volume of air that can still be forcibly exhaled following a normal exhalation

Front 39

total lung capacity

Back 39

is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume

Front 40

What type of capillaries surround the alveoli?

Back 40

pulmonary capillaries

Front 41

In what type of state does blood enter the pulmonary capillaries?

Back 41

deoxygenated state and so has a lower partial pressure of O2 than does inhaled air in the aveoli

Front 42

What does O2 do when it diffuses down its gradient into the capillaries?

Back 42

it binds with hemoglobin and returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins

Front 43

Is the partial pressure of CO2 in the capillaries greater than that of the inhaled alveolar air?

Back 43

Yes

Front 44

T/F

CO2 diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, where it is subsequently released into the external environment during exhalation.

Back 44

T

Front 45

What type of measurement is used in respiratory physiology?

Back 45

partial pressure rather than concentrations

Front 46

At high altitudes what happens to the partial pressure of O2?

Back 46

it declines

Front 47

How is the body affected when partial pressure declines?

Back 47

it gets more difficult to get sufficient oxygen to diffuse into the capillaries

Front 48

How does the body combat a loss of O2 in the atmosphere?

Back 48

-hyperventilation
-increasing the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen (polycythemia)
-the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases to facilitate unloading of oxygen in tissues
-greater vasclularization of the peripheral tissues

Front 49

Hyperventilation

Back 49

increasing the rate of ventilation