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68 Cards in this Set
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What is the endocrine system and how does it maintain homeostasis? |
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis by communicating with various parts of the body through the use of hormones. |
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What is a hormone? |
It is a chemical that carries a message or impulse to a target organ. |
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What are the two different types of glands and how do they function? |
1. Endocrine glands are ductless which means they secrete directly into the bloodstream. Ex: The anterior Pituitary gland dumps TSH into the blood. 2. Exocrine galnds release their secretion into ducts or open-ended tubes. Ex: Gastric gland, tear ducts, sweat glands. |
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What are antagonistic hormones? |
They are hormones that have opposing functions/physiological properties and are used to regulate. Ex: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, glucagon and insulin. |
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What are steroid hormones and how do they work? |
Steroid Hormones are manufactured from cholesterol. This trait makes them fat-soluble, therefore they are able to pass through cell membranes, attach to protein receptors in the cytoplasm and pierce through the nucleus; causing reactions with our DNA. It's with these reactions that DNA synthesizes proteins. Ex: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen. |
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What is a non steroid hormone and how does it work? |
These hormones are composed of proteins (amino acids) and are not fat-soluble, therefore they cannot pass through cell membranes easily. Instead they bind to a protein receptor on the outside of the cell and cause a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm. |
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Name six major endocrine glands. |
Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and thymus glands. |
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What is special about the pancreas in terms of its gland? |
It's both exocrine and endocrine. |
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List some examples of exocrine glands |
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands,stomach, liver, pancreas. |
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What is the pituitary gland and its parts? |
The pituitary gland is the master gland o the endocrine system, located in the brain. It can be split into two parts: Anterior Pituitary Gland Posterior pituitary Gland *note, a comes before p. |
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The anterior Pituitary controls the secretion of these major hormones. |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Human growth hormone (HGH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin. |
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The posterior pituitary gland controls the secretion of these major hormones. |
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Which glands release the gonadotropins? |
Ovaries- FSH Testes- LH |
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Which gland releases prolactin? |
mammary glands |
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which gland release oxytocin? |
The mammary glands and the smooth muscle in the uterus. |
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Which gland releases ADH? |
The kidney tubules |
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Which gland releases cortisol. |
Adrenal cortex |
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Which gland secretes aldosterone? |
Adrenal cortex. |
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Which gland secretes Thyroid stimulating hormone and calcitonin? |
Thyroid gland |
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Which gland secretes parathyroid hormone? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What type of cells produce ADH and oxytocin? |
Neurosecretory |
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What does FSH do? |
In females, stimulates the follicles in the ovaries and causes the secretion of estrogen. In males, targets the interstitial cells and results in the secretion of sperm. |
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What does LH do? |
In females, targets the follicles in the ovaries and causes ovulation. In males, targets the seritoli cells in the testes and cause the production of testosterone. |
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What is prolactin's (PRL) functions. |
Targets the breast and stimulates the production of milk. |
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describe Thyroid stimulating hormones function. |
Targets the thyroid and causes the secretion of thyroxine. |
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What does Adenocorticotropic hormone do? |
Targets the adrenal gland and causes the secretion of cortisol |
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What is Human growth hormone's functions? |
Targets mainly bones and causes growth, (promotes absorption of calcium). |
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What is Oxytocins roles? |
Targets the uterine walls to induce contractions during labor. |
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What does Antidiuretic hormone do? |
Targets the kidneys and results in the reabsorption of water to the blood. (prevents urination) |
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What are the four lobes of the thyroid gland called? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What does parathyroid hormone do? |
Increases blood calcium levels by absorbing calcium from the bones, intestines, and liver and returning it to the blood. |
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What does calcitonin do? |
Decreases blood calcium levels by attaching to the membranes in the bones, kidneys, and live. Acts as a 'key' to let calcium in. |
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Describe the adrenal gland. |
Two parts: Adrenal cortex (outer tissue layer) Adrenal medulla (inner tissue layer) |
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The adrenal cortex does what? |
- Located on top of kidneys. - Secretes two types of non-steroid protein hormones, cortisol (glucocoritcoids) and aldosterone (mineralcorticoids). |
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what happens physiologically when cortisol is released? WHat are two major effects? |
Cortisol is often referred to as the stress hormone because it enables the body to cope with distress by secreting the right types of energy ie carbs, lipids, or proteins. The two major effects are: 1.Glucogenesis 2. inhibits metabolism and suppresses immune system. |
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What is glycogenesis? |
The process where a protein is broken down to its most basic building blocks which are amino acids and turned into glucose (sugar). |
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What is distress ? |
Long-term stress like school anxiety or the death of a loved one |
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What is eustress? |
Short term stress that is often referred to as positive. This stress involves challenges to control reponses through the release of norepenephrine. When there is a loss of control, the body releases epinephrine. Ex: running a race. |
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What is aldosterone? |
A hormone that regulates salt balance in the body. Allows kidneys to absorb salt. |
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Which gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine? what are they also known as? |
The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline. |
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What is hyperthyroidism? |
AKA Grave's Disease, hyperthyroidism results from an over-production of thyroxine where the antibodies attach to the TSH receptors on the thyroid. Causes an enlargement of the thyroid weakmuscles, increase in metabolism and sweating. Patients may experience a decrease in appetite, resulting in weight loss. |
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What is Hypothyroidism? |
AKA myxedema, hypothyroidism results from a deficiency of thyroxine. Decreased levels of thyroxine gives off false negative feedback loop to the anterior pituitary and causes TSH production to continue. Symptoms are goiter's, weight gain, fatigue, decrease in heart rate and cold temperatures. |
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What is vitamin D? |
A steroid hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium. Synthesized in a multi-step process from the skin to the kidneys and acts similarly to parathyroid hormone. Causes soft bones, rickets, skeletal deformities and broken bones. |
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Explain how calcitonin can influence the development of osteoporosis? |
Increasing calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland decreases the amount of Ca 2+ ions being excreted to the blood from the bones, kidneys, and liver; therefore slows bone-thinning. |
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how is an exocrine different from and endocrine gland? |
Exocrine= dumps secretion into ducts or tubes. Endocrine= dumps secretion directly into the bloodstream. |
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Identify two organs that act as both endocrine and exocrine glands. |
Pancreas and intestines. The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces and secretes insulin and glucagon. |
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Compare the way steroid ad non-steroid hormones affect cellular activity? |
Non-steroid hormones attach onto protein receptors outside the cell membrane, causing a series of chemical reactions within the cell. Steroid hormones being fat-soluble can penetrate the cell membrane attach onto a receptor and pass into the nucleus where it can influence DNA. |
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Identify the endocrine glands and hormones responsible for regulating blood pressure in the circulatory system. |
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to decreased blood pressure. More ADH, more blood. *remember, ADH reabsorbs water back into your blood. |
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Describe how two different information pathways control hormone secretion in the adrenal glands. |
In both cases the hypothalamus sends a cortisol releasing factor (CRF) to the anterior pituitary, then 1. ACTH is released by the anterior pituitary and sent to the kidneys to trigger the adrenal cortex and start the secretion of cortisol. ( to deal with stress, distress) through glucogenesis and supressing immune system as well as metabolism. 2. ACTH is directed to the kidneys and targets the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and cope with eustress. |
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Compae the functions of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and cortex. |
Adrenal medulla: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to relieve eustress. Adrenal cortex: secretes cortisol and aldosterone to cope with distress. |
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The body's response to stress involves different hormones. Is this a negative feedback loop or a positive feedback loop.? |
When cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex, blood sugar levels go up through glucogenesis. The rise in blood sugar levels sends a message to the hypothalamus to stop secreting cortisol (negative feedback loop). |
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Explain why ACTH is sometimes used to treat problems associated with the adrenal gland? |
ACTH is sent by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the hormone production of the adrenal gland which are cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Cushing's or Addison's disease can be describe as a decrease in the amounts of cortisol and aldosterone in the body. Releasing more ACTH then would alleviate some of these problems by triggering the adrenal gland to produce more of these hormones. |
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Effects of too much corticoid and too little corticoid. |
Too much: decreased muscle mass. weight gain, immune system malfunctions, metabolism inhibitted. Too little: hypoglycemia, nausea ,weight loss. |
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What is the flight-or-fight response? |
The way in which the body resonds to a sudden, unexpected stressful situation; this stimulus produces rapid releases of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal gland (sympathetic nervous system) |
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Outline the difference between diabetes type 1 and type 2. |
Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder that attacks insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Symptoms: unintended weight loss, extreme hunger, increased thirst, fatigue and weakness. Type 2 is when the body produces insufficient amounts of insulin or cannot recognize nor respond to the insulin. Symptoms: weight gain, high blood pressure, fatigue. |
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What is the pineal gland what hormone does it secrete. |
Located deep in the center of the brain (cone shaped) -it's role is to regulate melatonin (hormone) levels. - Melatonin is highest during the night hours and lowest during day time. |
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What is the thymus gland and what are it's roles? |
-Located between the lobes of the lungs in the upper chest cavity. - produces thymosin, a hormone that stimulate the production and maturation of lymphocytes into t-cells. |
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Describe the role Banting and Best played in science when it comes to the endocrine system? |
Banting and Best discovered through experiments with dogs, that the islets of langerhan held the key role in glucose levels in the body through the beta cells which produce insulin and alpha cells which produce glucagon. |
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What is cushing's syndrome? |
Occurs with the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and causes high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, muscle weakness and a "puffy" face. |
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What is Addison's disease? |
Occurs with the hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mieralcorticoids (aldosterone). Causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar levels and muscle weakness. |
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What does thyroxine do? |
Increases basal metabolic rate, metabolism, oxygen consumption in the heart, liver, kidneys and skeletal muscles. |
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what is Dwarfism/ Gigantism? |
Dwarfism is when the subject is small due to a lack in HGH. Gigantism is when the subject is big due to an overabundance of HGH |
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What is acromegaly? |
Gigantism but in adults. Too much HGH. |
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How does calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work to maintain blood calcium levels? Are they antagonistic? |
Yes. When the blood calcium level is high, the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, Calcitonin promotes the uptake of Ca 2+ by the bones, and therefore the blood calcium level return to normal (9-10 mg/100 mL). When the blood calcium level is low, the thyroid gland secreted PTH. PTH causes the bones to release calcium, and as a result the blood Ca2+ levels return to normal. |
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What is Insulin? |
It is in abundance in your body and forces it to store nutrients. high levels of blood glucose stimulates insulin production. Insulin attaches to the receptors on cells and then facilitates the passage of sugars into that cell. |
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What is glucagon? |
Is a hormone that helps regulate sugar levels by allowing glucose to leave cells and re-enter the blood stream. |
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How do insulin and glucagon work to maintain proper blood sugar levels in the body? |
When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas secretes insulin, insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen an the ynthesis of proteins and fats. Therefore, insulin lowers blood glucose levels to normal ( 75-110 mg/100 mL) When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels to normal by breaking down glycogen and fat into glucose. |
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What's a circadian rhythm? |
Hormone levels an physiological processes in the body that rise and fall in a regular pattern. ex: cortisol (peaks at night), melatonin (peaks at night). |
