Biology 30 Unit A: Nervous And Endocrine System

Front 1

4 general functions of the nervous system

Back 1

1. Reception

2. Interpretation

3. Sorting

4. Transmission

Front 2

Somatic Nervous System Vs. Autonomic Nervous System

Back 2

Somatic: Conscious control (Voluntary)

Autonomic: Not under conscious control (Involuntary)

Front 3

Neurons:

•

•

•

•

Back 3

•Basic structural and functional units of the nervous system

•made to respond to physical and chemical stimuli

•conduct electrochemical signals

•release chemicals that regulate various body processes

Front 4

Glial cells

•

•

Back 4

•nourish neurons and remove waste

•defends/protects against infection

Front 5

Sensory neuron

Back 5

Cell body found mid way

Front 6

Interneurons

Back 6

Short unmyelinated

Front 7

Motor neurons

Back 7

Relay info to effectors

Front 8

Parts of a neuron (4)

Back 8

Dendrites, cell body, axon, synaptic knob

Front 9

What is resting membrane potential? (Millivolts)

Back 9

-70mV

Front 10

Process of generating a resting membrane potential is called?

Back 10

Polarization (more negatively charged on the inside)

Front 11

What is depolarization?

Back 11

When the inside of an axon is positively charged

Front 12

What is the period called during repolarization

Back 12

Refractory period

Front 13

What is a synapse

Back 13

Small space between neurons or neurons and effectors

Front 14

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Back 14

Control heart rate, breathing, ect

Front 15

What is function of the cerebellum?

Back 15

Unconscious control of posture and equilibrium

Front 16

What is the function of the Pons

Back 16

Pons means bridge. Which mean to relay messages from of the brain to each other

Front 17

Function of the midbrain?

Back 17

Relays visual and auditory information between hindbrain an forebrain

Front 18

Function of thalamus?

Back 18

Relay station of brain.

Relays sensory and motor impulses

Front 19

Function of Hypothalamus?

Back 19

Control center for autonomic nervous system

Also it's connected to AND controls pituitary gland. Which means it controls the endocrine system

Front 20

Function of Cerebrum?

Back 20

Largest part of brain.

Left and right hemispheres control opposite sides of body

Front 21

Function cerebral cortex

Back 21

Produces most distinct traits: personality,talent,reasoning

Front 22

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

Back 22

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Front 23

Frontal lobe function?

Back 23

Talking

Front 24

Parietal lobe function?

Back 24

Touch

Front 25

Occipital lobe function?

Back 25

Vision

Front 26

Temporal lobe function?

Back 26

Hearing

Front 27

What is white matter made of?

Back 27

Myelinated nerve fibers

Front 28

What is grey matter made of?

Back 28

Unmyelinated fibers

Front 29

Sympathetic system is the ______ response

Back 29

Flight or fight

Front 30

Parasympathetic is the ________ response?

Back 30

Rest and digest

Front 31

Sympathetic system: neurons release _____ and has excitatory effect on target muscles

Back 31

Norepinephrine

Front 32

Parasympathetic: neurons release neurotransmitter ________

Back 32

Acetylcholine

Front 33

What is a neuromuscular junction

Back 33

Synapse between motor neuron and a muscle cell

Front 34

Endocrine glands :

Back 34

Ductless glands that secret chemicals into the circulatory system

Front 35

Non target hormones :

Back 35

Affect many cells throughout the body

Front 36

Target hormones:

Back 36

Affect specific cells or areas of the body

Front 37

What are the 2 types of hormones?

Back 37

Steroid (lipid soluble) and protein hormone (water soluble)

Front 38

Give an example of a lipid soluble hormone

Back 38

Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

Front 39

Give an example of a water soluble hormone

Back 39

Insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine

Front 40

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 40

Anterior and posterior

Front 41

Posterior pituitary releases only 2 hormones. What are they?

Back 41

ADH and Oxytocin

Front 42

Anterior pituitary releases 6 hormones. What are they

Back 42

TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), prolactin, hGH, FSH and LH

Front 43

Anterior pituitary produces

Back 43

OWN HORMONES. Hypothalamus regulates it

Front 44

Posterior pituitary does not produce

Back 44

OWN HORMONE. Hypothalamus produces for it.

Front 45

What does hGH do?

Back 45

Stimulates growth of cells

Front 46

What does prolactin do?

Back 46

Female hormone. Stimulates mammary gland to produce and sustain milk

Front 47

What does oxytocin do?

Back 47

Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during labor. Plus contention of mammary glands to release milk

Front 48

What does ADH do?

Back 48

Helps the reabsorption of water

Reduce urine out put

Front 49

What stimulates the thyroid?

Back 49

TSH

Front 50

What does thyroxin do?

Back 50

Leads to increase metabolism

Front 51

What is cretinism?

Back 51

Low levels of thyroxin in KIDS. Slows growth, underproduction of other hormones,

Front 52

What is myxedema?

Back 52

Same as Cretinism but in Adults. Causes lethargic,weight gain and lower body temp.

Front 53

What is hypothyroidism?

Back 53

Cretinism and myxedema

Front 54

What is hyperthyroidism?

Back 54

Too much thyroxin. High metabolism. Eyes bulge.

Front 55

Parathyroid gland

Back 55

Very small embedded in thyroid gland

Produces PTH which stimulates bones to release calcium ions

Front 56

What is calcitonin?

Back 56

Opposite effect on bones with PTH. PRODUCED IN THYROID (calcium down. Calcium up in bones)

Front 57

That pancreas is

Back 57

Both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Front 58

That pancreas is

Back 58

Both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Front 59

What is alpha cell and beta cell and what secretes it.

Back 59

Alpha cell - produce glucagon (increase blood glucose levels)

Beta cell -produce insulin (decrease blood glucose levels)

Front 60

That pancreas is

Back 60

Both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Front 61

What is alpha cell and beta cell and what secretes it.

Back 61

Alpha cell - produce glucagon (increase blood glucose levels)

Beta cell -produce insulin (decrease blood glucose levels)

Front 62

Diabetes mellitus

Back 62

Not enough insulin or cell receptors do not work.

Front 63

Adrenal gland =

Back 63

Stress hormones

Front 64

Adrenal gland =

Back 64

Stress hormones

Front 65

Outer adrenal _____

Back 65

Cortex

Front 66

Adrenal gland =

Back 66

Stress hormones

Front 67

Outer adrenal _____

Back 67

Cortex

Front 68

Inner adrenal _____

Back 68

Medulla

Front 69

Adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones called ______

Back 69

Corticoids

Front 70

What are released from the adrenal cortex?

Back 70

Cortisol and aldosterone.

Front 71

Adrenal medulla produces 2 hormones to help body adjust to stressful situations. (Short term stress)

Back 71

Epinephrine (adrenalin) (emotional) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) (physical)

Front 72

Hypothalamus controls the pituitary. What are the 3 releasing hormones that are released by the hypothalamus

Back 72

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

GnRH (gonadotrophic releasing hormone)

ACTHRH (adrenocorticotrophic releasing hormone)