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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Events of Prophase |
chromatin --> chromosomes centrioles separate --> spindle pole formation (MTs) nuclear membrane degraded |
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Events of Metaphase |
Spindles are on opposite ends of cell metaphase ends when chromosomes are on equatorial plate |
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Events of anaphase |
centromeres split = sister chromatids separate (MTs shorten) |
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Events of telophase |
spindle poles disappear nuclear membrane reforms chromosomes --> chromatin cytokinesis |
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When does recombination occur in meiosis? |
Prophase I crossing over happens at the chiasma |
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When does disjunction occur in meiosis? |
segregation Anaphase I = 2n --> n |
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What are the functional components of the testes? |
1. seminiferous tubules = produce sperm 2. interstitial cells of Leydig = secrete androgens including testosterone |
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What nourishes sperm cells once they are produced? |
Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules Sperm are nourished in Sertoli cells |
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Where is seminal fluid produced and what is its purpose? |
1. seminal vesicles = fructose for nourishment, alkalinity 2. prostate = alkalinity 3. bulbourethral glands = clear stuff to lubricate urethra |
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Pathway of sperm through male reproductive system |
Seve(n) Up Seminiferous tubules Epedidymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra Penis |
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Steps in Spermatogenesis |
Spermatogonia (2n) Development Primary spermatocytes (2n) Meiosis I Secondary spermatocytes (n) Meiosis II Spermatids (n) Maturation Spermatozoa (n) |
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What component of sperm allows it to enter the ovum? |
Acrosome = covers head and derived from golgi |
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How is the ability to reproduce controled? |
1. Puberty = hypothalamus releases GnRH 2. GnRH = stimualtes anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH 3. FSH + LH = sex hormone activation and develops reproductive system |
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Hormone role in male sexual development |
FSH = stimulates Sertoli cells to trigger sperm maturation LH = stimulates interstitial cells to produce (more) testosterone and androgens T = secondary male sex characteristics |
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What are the effects of androgen insensitivity syndrome? |
AIS XY male has absend or deffective androgen receptors genetic male has female secondary sex characterisitcs |
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Role of hormones in female sexual development |
FSH = promote estrogen secretion LH = stimulate corpus luteum to secrete progesterone E = Establishes endometrium P = Protects endometrium |
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Follicular phase |
1. begins when menstral flow sheds old endometrium 2. GnRH secreted by hypothalamus. increases because [E] and [P] are low 3. GnRH = increase LH and increase FSH (FSH>LH) 4. E slowly rises and regrows endometrium stimulating vascularization 5. ends with ovulation |
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Ovulation |
E levels increase to threshold causing positive feedback LH surge --> follicle rupture --> egg release into uterus LH surge = primary oocyte to complete meiosis I |
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Luteal Phase |
Ovulation = ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum corpus luteum = P produced P = negative feedback. decrease GnRH,LH, FSH |
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Menstration |
no implantation = corpus luteum atrophies into albicans no corpus luteum = no E or P No E or P = high GnRH and endometrium sloughed off |
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How is pregnancy established? |
1. Blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadoatropin (hCG) 2. hCG = LH analog - maintains corpus luteum 3. Corpus luteum = P + E for maintaining uterine lining 4. 2nd trimester placenta takes over and hCG declines |
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From zygote to gastrula, what are the stages of development? |
Zygote 2,4,8,16 embryo morula blastula gastrula |
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During what stage of development does implantation occur? |
Blastula stage |
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What is induction? |
The process by which cells influence differentiation of adjacent cells Allows organs/tissues to form |
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What is the fate of neural crest cells |
Will develop into PNS cells Sensory ganglia Autonomic ganglia Adrenal ganglia Schwann cells |
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What organs originate from the ectoderm? |
1. Integument = epidermis, hair, nails, epithelia of nose, mouth, and anal canala 2. Lens of eye 3. Nervous system 4. Adrenal medulla 5. inner ear |
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What organs originate from the mesoderm? |
Muscoskeletal system circualtory system excretory system gonads Muscular + connective tissue of digestive + respiratory sysytem Adrenal cortex |
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What organs originate from the endoderm? |
epithelial linings of the digestive + respiratory tract liver pancreas thyroid bladder digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
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1. define determination 2. define differentiation |
1. commitment of a cell to have a particular function (cell lineage) in the future 2. changing of structure and function of a cell to match cell type. Due to selective transcription |
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Describe methods of determination |
1. during cleavage, existing mRNA or protein is systemically packaged into daughter cells 2. morphogens can be secreted by neighboring cells |
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Types of cell-cell communication |
autocrine = same cell paracrine = nearby cells juxtacrine = through direct contact endocrine = through bloodstream |
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Role of veins + arteries in umbilical cord |
2 veins = oxygenated blood mother --> fetus 1 artery = deoxygenated blood fetus -->mother |
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Name the shunts that reroute blood from lungs of a baby |
1. foramen ovale = RA --> LA 2. ductus arterious = extra blood from PA --> Aorta |
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Name the shunts that reroute blood away from liver in fetus/baby |
ductus venosus = umbilical vein --> vena cava |
