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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epistasis
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One gene can interfere with the expression of another gene
ex. Human albinos, Plant color |
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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Genes are present on chromosomes
1.Homologous chromosomes-2chr/cell 2.gametes contain 1 allele/gene 3.independent assortment 4.fertilization restores diploidy |
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Human Genetic Disorders
-nondisjunction |
Some genetic disorders are caused by a change in the number of chromosomes
Nondisjunction-during meiosis can create gametes having one too many or one too few chromosomes -This creates Trisomic or monosomis individuals. |
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Genomic imprinting
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occurs when the phenotype exhibited by a particular allele depends on which parent contributed the allele to the offspring
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Amniocentesis
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collects fetal cells from the amniotic fluid for examination
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Chorionic villi sampling
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collects cells from the placenta for examination
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Frederick Griffith, 1928
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-studied streptococcus pneumoniae
(bacteria that cause pneumonia) -2 Strains of streptococcus: S (smooth) strain is virulent R (rough) strain is nonvirulent |
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Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty,1944
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Repeated Griffith's experiment
Heat-Killing destroys protein structure -Therefore, not protein but DNA as transforming material |
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Hershey & Chase, 1952
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Labeled bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria and rapidly reproduce
'head'-protein coat + DNA 'tail'- attaches to bacteria |
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DNA Structure
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DNA is a nucleotide=
pentose sugar, nitrogenous basem phosphate |
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DNA Replication
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1. Initiation- replication begins at an origin of replication
2. Elongation- new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase 3. Termination- replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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Direct contact
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Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell
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Paracrine signaling
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signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
-short-lived, local affect ex: immune response |
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Endocrine signaling
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hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body
-longer rate, prolonged effect -travel via blood |
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Synaptic signaling
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nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells
-short-lived -only in a synapse |
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Protein kinase
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an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
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Phosphatase
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an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
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