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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A plant gametophyte is similar to the human...
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Nothing. The human life-cyucle has NO stage similar to plant gametophytes.
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Why learn about plants?
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-Many resources come from it such as fossil fuels. Studying plants create solutions to these problems
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Why are plants [biofuels] hard to purify?
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Most of the plants material is in cellulose
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What organism shows the first clear evidence of life on earth?
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Prokaryotes
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What are prokaryotes? Give example.
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Organisms lacking nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and are mostly unicellular.
Ex: Bacteria and archea |
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What is an autotroph?
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Organism capable of self-nourishment
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What is a photoautotroph?
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Organism that uses energy from sunlight to make its own food
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What is a heteroptroph?
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Organism that must harvest organic (carbon-containing) compounds by destroying another organism
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What is a cyanobacteria?
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Probably the ancestor of present day photosynthetic process. It has very similar photosynthetic processes to plants
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What is the endosymbiosis theory?
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Cyanobacteria was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote and it gave rise to plastids. Over time, it gave rise to red algae and green algae which gave rise to the lineage of land plants today
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What are plastids?
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Photosynthetic organelles
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What embryophytes?
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Plants with embryos. AKA Land plants.
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What are the closest living relatives of land plants?
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Charophytes [green algae]
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What makes charophytes so similar to land plants?
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Rosette shaped cellulose synthase protein complexes, photorespiratory enzymes in perosisomes, and SIMILAR FLAGELLAR STRUCTURES IN SPERM
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What are phragmoplasts?
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They create cell walls
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In the multicellular haploid stage, what does meiosis produce in plants?
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Two separate spores are produced in this stage. These spores will divide and become gametophytes, eventually developing into gametes, going through fertilization and becoming organisms.
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What is the dominant stage in non-vascular land plants (like bryophytes)?
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Gametophytic stage
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What is the dominant stage in vascular land plants?
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Sporophytic stage
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What were the first problems faced by plants when transitioning to land?
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Water loss, water transport, and support against gravity.
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What kinds of plants does the group "bryophytes" consist of?
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Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
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What was the first major adaptation seen in bryophytes?
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Drought resistant spores
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How does bryophytic sexual reproduction function?
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Through mobile sperm. Require moist area to have sex
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What is the function of the antheridia?
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It makes male gametes
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What is the function of the archegonia?
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It makes female gametes
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What process to plants use to make gametes?
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Mitosis is the process used to make these.
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What three advantages arise from being sporophyte dominant?
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Protection, nutrients, and diploidy.
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What are examples of homosporous plants?
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Liverworts, hornworts, Lycopodium, most Pterophyta, and horsetails
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What are examples of heterosporous plants?
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Ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants
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What is the function of synergids?
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They secrete chemicals to allow egg to be found by pollen
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What is the megagametophyte in angiosperms?
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Ovule
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What is the microgametophyte in angiosperms?
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Pollen
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What are generative cells?
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2-cell stage that form 2 sperms, at maturity in tube cells
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What is the spore wall in pollen?
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Exterior surface deposited by sporophyte parent
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What is the tube cell?
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3-cell stage that forms pollen tube during fertilization
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What are the three layers of gymnosperm seeds?
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Seed coat, food supply (n), and embryo (2n)
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In gymnosperm seeds, what is the food supply?
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Female gametophyte tissue from megasporangium
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In gymnosperm seeds, what is the seed coat?
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Protection from integument
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What is the embryo?
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Developed from megaspore, it is the 2n new sporophyte
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What are characteristics of monocots?
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Parallel veins, 1 cotydotal, and scattered vascular tissue
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What are characteristics of dicots?
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Net like veins, 2 cotydotal, and vascular tissue in ring arrangement
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What is contained in an ovule?
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Antipodal cells, central/polar cells, syndergids, and egg which then turns into the seed when fertilized.
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What is in the ovary?
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contains the ovule and becomes the fruit.
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Which group of plants have ovaries and ovules?
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The gymnosperms and angiosperms have ovules that are slightly different, but only angiosperms have ovary (fruit)
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What are the 3 organs of an angiosperm flower?
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Stem, leaves, roots
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Function of stem?
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Contains vascular system for transport and support
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Function of leaves?
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Photosynthesis
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Function of roots?
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Anchorage, Water scavenge, and mineral uptake. It has root hairs responsible for water and minerals
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Can you diagram double fertilization?
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1) 1 sperm and 1 egg make a zygote (2n)
2) 1 sperm and 2 central/polar nuclei make endosperm (3n) |
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What is the endosperm?
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"dead end" tissue for nutrient storage for embryo and seedlings. What's located inside the fruit, and holds the seeds.
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What are similarities between breeding crop plants and biotechnology?
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They both scramble genes in new combinations to change plant traits
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What are differences between breeding and biotechnology?
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Biotechnology requires specific information and crosses species barriers (like bacterial genes in plants)
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What is agrobacterium tumefacians? What is it's use?
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It is soil born bacterium that naturally contains Ti plasmids. Once introduced into plant DNA, it's passed to offspring.
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What are Ti plasmids?
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DNA capable of independent replication.
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What is T-Dna?
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Transfer DNA. Like bacterium DNA inserted into plant DNA. Used so that new gene plant trait that you want can be expressed and passed to next generation
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Give three examples of transgenic crops
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1) Bt
2) Glyphosate resistance 3) Golden rice |
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What is Bt?
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Bacillus thuringiensis. It is a soil bacterium that produces Bt toxin, only harmful to insects. It is an organic pesticide which breaks down readily in the environment.It has lead to increased crop plant production and less of a need of synthetic pesticides.
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What is glyphosate?
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It destroys EPSP synthase, but farmers have engineered plants to be glyphosate resistant in order to kill only weeds, and still produce aromatic amino acids.
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What is golden rice?
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Rice genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor for Vitamin A. There are three genes in endosperm that are engineered for this.
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What are the three tissue types in plant?
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Dermal, Vascular, and Ground tissue
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What is dermal tissue?
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Outer surface. Leaves (cuticle), non-woody 1 cell epidermis. wood (multicellular periderm)
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What is vascular tissue?
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Consists of xylem and phloem. Much of the inner part.
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What is ground tissue?
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Much of everything else that is not dermal or vascular. Includes pith and cortex.
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Between monocots and dicots, who has piths and cortex's?
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Dicots have both pith and cortex (in a ring like vascular tissue), and monocot have only cortex (because of the scattered vascular tissue)
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What is pith?
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the ground tissue inside of the vascular tissue
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What is cortex?
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the ground tissue outside the vascular tissue
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What is the difference between primary and secondary cell walls?
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Primary cell walls are in all plants, are relatively thin and flexible, and generally not lignified. Secondary cell walls are laid down later in some cells, thick and stiff, and highly lignified.
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Give examples of cells with primary cell walls?
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(PC)
-Parenchyma (totipotent, can grow whole plant from leaf) -Collenchyma (living support cells, thicker primary wall) |
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Give examples of cells with secondary cell walls?
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-Sclerenchyma (rigid support cells + lignin; is dead at maturity and has fiber cells)
-Tracheids -Vessel elements -Sieve-tube elements |
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Which plant cell types are found in ground tissue?
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Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
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What plant cell types are found in vascular tissue?
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Tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube elements, companion cells
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What plant cell type is found in dermal tissue?
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Trichomes
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What type of cells allow for water flow between cells?
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sieve tube elements, through the use of sieve plates
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What are meristems?
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Region of plant that has active cell division, undifferentiated (stem) cells. They also are responsible for primary growth. [apical meristem]
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Shoot apical meristem
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Is dominant over others and responsible for vertical growth
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Axillary bud meristem?
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Found above petiole/node junction and lower than shoot. Subordinates shoot apical meristem.
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Root apical meristem?
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Increases root length
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What is the vascular cambium?
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Thin layer of meristematic cells between primary xylem and primary phloem. [The inner part of tree] that has cell divisions making secondary phloem + xylem
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What is the cork cambium?
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The other part of tree, that is constantly being destroyed and remade.
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What does a bark consist of?
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Consists of secondary phloem,[periderm], cork cambium, cork and cortex
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Vascular rays
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connect xylem and phloem
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Why does secondary growth occur?
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Because vascular cambium adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem
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What is water potential?
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It is an incorporation of osmolarity (concentration of dissolved solutes) and physical pressure where water flows from high (psi) to low (psi). This is what drives plant expansion.
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Why are plant cells normally turgid?
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Because they are in hypotonic solutions for normal function (less dissolved outside than inside).
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How does the cell's turgid property lead to cell expansion?
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Being turgid generates turgot pressure that cell can withstand due to the cell wall which keeps the cell from exploding. It loosens cell walls and thus water in the large vacuole allows expansion of the cell (polar since it can only expand in one direction)
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What is the ABC model of flower organ development?
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Flowers are arranged in 4 whorls (out to in) - Sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel. This model explains 4 floral orans based on spatial activity of 3 gene types- A, B, and C genes. A and C gene always fight for expression.
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What happens in A class gene mutants?
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No sepals and no petals. Only carpel and stamenoids. Sepals said to become "carpeloid" and petals said to become "stamenoid"
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What happens in B class gene mutants?
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In this mutation, only sepals and carpels are left. Petals become sepals, and stamens become carpels. It is sterile because there are no male organs.
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What happens in C class gene mutants?
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In this mutation, stamen become petals, and carpel become sepals. They are sterile because there are no reproductive organelles left. Ex: cultivated roses
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What is self-incompatibility?
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Rejection of genetically identical pollen where female part kills male pollen if similar genes are there.
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Why has self-incompatibility evolved?
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It has evolved to promote diversity.
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In Gametophytic self-incompatibility, how are the genes detected?
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In females, sporophyte in style and stigma detect. In males, microgametophyte detects. It is detected after pollen tube emerges.
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In Sporophytic self-incompatibility, how are the genes detected?
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In females, sporophyte in the stigma (ONLY) is the determinant. In males, pollen coat and microspore wall [sporophytic tissue] is the determinant. It is detected before pollen tube emergance.
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Main difference between sprophytic and gametophytic self-incompatibility?
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GSI is detected after pollen tube emerges; SSI is detected before pollen tube emerges.
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What is the development process of a eudicot embryo?
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-First cell division of zygote is assymetric - producing a large basal cell at base and small terminal cell on top
-Basal cell divisions create chain of cells called suspensor- which anchors embryo inside seed and absorbs nutrients (like placenta) -Terminal cell gives rise to most of embryo, initially created globular ball of cells called proembryo- which differentiates into heart-shaped embryo -At heart shaped stage, root apical and shoot apical meristems are seen. -Growth of embryo elongates at apical basal axis |
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Developmet process of endosperm?
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Through double fertilization. There is a "milky" cluster of cells (3n). Mitotically divides nuclei and then cytokine into cells. Sometiems develop cell walls.
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Examples of heterosporous plants?
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Ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
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Examples of homosporous plants?
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Liverworts, hornworts, etc.
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What adaptations are present in angiosperms relative to gymnosperms?
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Flowers, fruits, and endosperm. They have a showier display to encourage pollen dispersal, fruits for dispersal, and nutrient storage for embryo and seedling.
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What cells is xylem composed of?
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Tracheids
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What cells is phloem composed of?
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Sieve tubes
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