Chapter 1

Front 1

Define Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body.

Front 2

What is Physiology?

Back 2

The study of the functions of living things.

Front 3

What is a mechanistic approach?

Back 3

The approach that physiologists use to explain body functions in terms of mechanisms of action involving cause and effect sequences of chemical and physical processes.

Front 4

What are the levels of organization of the body?

Back 4

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, organism.

Front 5

What is the plasma membrane?

Back 5

A thin, oily barrier that encloses the contents of each cell separating these chemicals from those outside the cell.

Front 6

What is an organism?

Back 6

Independent living entity.

Front 7

What ia cell differentiation?

Back 7

Cells of multicellular organisms become specialized to carry out a specific function during development.

Front 8

What are the 8 basic functions of a cell?

Back 8

Obtain nutrients and O2, perform chemical reactions to make energy, eliminate wastes, synthesize proteins and components, sense and respond to the environment, movement within the cell and as a cell through the environment, control exchange of materials with the environment, reproducing (only for SOME cells).

Front 9

What's the difference between specialized cell functions and basic cell functions?

Back 9

Basic functions are essential for the survival of each individual cell, whereas specialized functions are essential for the survival of the body as a whole.

Front 10

What are tissues composed of?

Back 10

Cells of similar structure and specialized function along with extracellular material.

Front 11

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Back 11

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.

Front 12

What is muscle tissue composed of?

Back 12

Cells specialized in contraction and generating force.

Front 13

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Back 13

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Front 14

What does skeletal muscle do?

Back 14

Moves the skeleton.

Front 15

What does cardiac muscle do?

Back 15

Pumps blood out of the heart.

Front 16

What does smooth muscle do?

Back 16

Encloses and controls the movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs.

Front 17

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Back 17

Cells specialized to initiate and transmit electrical impulses. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

Front 18

What are epithelial tissues composed of?

Back 18

Exchanging materials between the cell and it's environment.

Front 19

What types of structures are epithelial tissues organized into?

Back 19

Epithelial sheets and secretory glands.

Front 20

What are epithelial sheets?

Back 20

Epithelial cells joined tightly to form sheets of tissue that form boundaries between the body and the environment and from cavity contents that open to the environment.

Front 21

Define lumen.

Back 21

The cavity within a hollow organ or tube.

Front 22

What are glands composed of?

Back 22

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting.

Front 23

How are glands formed?

Back 23

During the embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface and develop secretory capabilities.

Front 24

Define secretion.

Back 24

The release from a cell in response to appropriate stimulation specific products produced by the cell.

Front 25

What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

Back 25

An exocrine gland secretes through ducts to the outside of the body. Endocrine glands have lost their connecting cells and release their products into the blood.

Front 26

What is connective tissue composed of?

Back 26

Cells specializing in connecting, supporting and anchoring body parts.

Front 27

How is connective tissue distinguished?

Back 27

By having few cells within an abundance of extracellular material.

Front 28

What does connective tissue include?

Back 28

Bones giving the body shape, support and protection.

Tendons attaching the muscle to bones.

Blood transporting materials from one body part to another.

Front 29

What are organs?

Back 29

Combinations of 2 or more tissue types that perform particular functions.

Front 30

What is a body system?

Back 30

A collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential for the survival of the whole body.

Front 31

What are the 11 body systems?

Back 31

Circulatory

Digestive

Respiratory

Urinary

Skeletal

Muscular

Integumentary

Immune

Nervous

Endocrine

Reproductive

Front 32

What is the internal environment?

Back 32

Extracellular fluid, made up of plasma and interstitial fluid. Must be homeostatically maintained so cells can make exchanges with it.

Front 33

What is intracellular fluid?

Back 33

Fluid inside the cells.

Front 34

What is homeostasis?

Back 34

Maintenance of a dynamic steady state of the internal environment.

Front 35

What is the theme of Physiology in relation to homeostasis?

Back 35

Homeostasis is essential for the survival of each cell, and each cell, through its specialized activities, contributes as part of a body system to the maintenance of the internal environment shared by all cells.

Front 36

What factors of the internal environment must be homeostatically maintained?

Back 36

Concentration of nutrient molecules

Concentration of O2 and CO2

Concentration of waste products

pH

Concentration of water, salts and electrolytes

Volume and pressure

Temperature

Front 37

What do certain types of connective tissue produce?

Back 37

With the exception of blood, the cells within connective tissue produce specific structural molecules like elastin that they release into the extracellular spaces between the cells.

Front 38

In what 2 ways does the circulatory system help maintain homeostasis?

Back 38

It transports materials from one part of the body to another.

Moves heat away from the core.

Front 39

In what 3 ways does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 39

Breaks down food into nutrients.

Transfers water and electrolytes.

Eliminates undigested food.

Front 40

In what 2 ways does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 40

Receives O2 and eliminates CO2. The rate of CO2 elimination maintains pH.

Front 41

How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 41

Removes excess water, salt, electrolytes, and acid along with CO2.

Front 42

In what 3 ways does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 42

Gives soft tissues and organs support and protection.

Stores Ca2+.

Bone marrow sources blood cells.

Front 43

In what 2 ways does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 43

Enables a person to move to food or away from harm.

Regulates temperature with heat from muscle contractions.

Front 44

In what 2 ways does the Integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 44

Prevents loss of internal fluid and foreign microorganisms from entering.

Regulates temperature through sweating and regulating warm blood flow through the body.

Front 45

In what 2 ways does the immune system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 45

Defends against foreign invaders and body cells that have become cancerous.

Repairs or replaces injured or worn out cells.

Front 46

In what 3 ways does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 46

Controls and coordinates rapid body responses.

Detects and initiates reactions to external environmental changes.

Responsible for memory, consciousness and creativity (not essential for homeostasis).

Front 47

In what 3 ways does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 47

Regulates activities requiring duration rather than speed (like growth).

Controls concentration of nutrients.

Controls the internal environments volume and electrolyte composition.

Front 48

How does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 48

It doesn't. It perpetuates the species.

Front 49

What is a homeostatic control system?

Back 49

A network of body components working together to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant near an optimal set level.

Front 50

What 3 things must the control system be able to do to maintain homeostasis?

Back 50

Detect deviations from normal in the internal environment

Integrate this information with other relevant information

Make appropriate adjustments in the activity of the body parts responsible for restoring this factor to normal

Front 51

What classes can control systems be grouped into?

Back 51

Intrinsic controls and extrinsic controls.

Front 52

What are intrinsic controls?

Back 52

Built in compensatory control in an organ.

Intrinsic controls are self-serving for the organ in which they occur.

Front 53

What are extrinsic controls?

Back 53

Regulatory mechanisms activated outside the organ by the nervous or endocrine system.

Extrinsic controls permit the coordinated regulation of several organs toward a common goal.

Front 54

Define feedback

Back 54

A response made after a change has been detected.

Front 55

Define feedforward.

Back 55

A response made in anticipation of a change.

Front 56

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback?

Back 56

A negative feedback is a response that moves the factor in the opposite direction of its initial change. Positive feedback is a response that moves the factor further into the direction of the initial change.