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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 shared attributes of techniques involved in application of the scientific method
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1. natural world is capable of being explained
2. descriptions and explanations honestly based on observations and could be modified/refuted by other observations 3. humility - willingness to accept that we could be wrong |
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Scientific Method - 5 Steps
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1. observation
2. hypothesis 3. experiments 4. analysis of results 5. conclusion |
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A scientific theory is based on ____________ _____.
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reproducible data
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Experimental group
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group subject to the testing condition
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Control group
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group not subject to testing condition
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Blind measurement
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person doing the measurements does not know whether a subject is part of experimental or control group
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Null hypothesis
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the hypothesis that the difference is due to chance
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Statistics
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Mathematical tools used to test hypotheses
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Peer-reviewed journal
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Publication containing scientific research articles reviewed by other scientists who work in the same field
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Steps in development of pharmaceutical drugs
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1. basic physiological research
2. Animal trials 3. Phase I clinical trials 4.Phase II clinical trials 5. Phase III clinical trials 6. Phase IV clinical trials |
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More than ____% of drugs tested in experimental animals are too toxic for further development
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90
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What do phase I clinical trials test?
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1. toxicity in humans
2. how drug's metabolized 3. how rapidly it's excreted 4. most effective method of administration |
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Phase I clinical trials test drugs on _________ humans.
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healthy
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Phase II clinical trials test drugs on the _______ ___________.
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target population
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Phase III clinical trials occur in many research centers across the country to ____________ the number of test participants.
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maximize
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Where does a drug go if it passes phase III trials?
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FDA - for approval
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What does phase IV trials test?
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other potential uses of the drug
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Name 6 historical figures important to development of physiology.
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1. Aristotle (Gr.)
2. Erasistratus (Gr.) 3. Galen 4. William Harvey (British) 5. Claude Bernard (Fr.) 6. Walter Cannon (Am.) |
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Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901? Why?
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Emil Adolf von Behring - immunologist who coined word "antibody" and pioneered use of serum to treat diphtheria
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What's an analogy for negative feedback loop?
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Thermostat and air conditioner - air temp rises, thermostat (integrating center) triggers AC (effector) to come on - air temp lowers to set point - sensor turns off AC
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Name body functions controlled by antagonistic effectors.
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1. body temp
2. blood concentration of glucose and calcium 3. heart rate |
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What is an analogy of positive feedback?
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thermostat increases heat production in response to a rise in temp
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Name 3 examples of positive feedback.
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1. blood clotting
2. LH surge which triggers ovulation 3. strength of uterine contractions during labor |
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What are the 2 types of mechanisms which maintain homeostasis?
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1. intrinsic
2. extrinsic |
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What 2 body systems work closely to maintain homeostasis?
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1. nervous
2. endocrine |
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Regulation by the endocrine system is achieved by the secretion of ________ into the blood.
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hormones
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What is a hormone?
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chemical regulator
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What is a target organ?
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The specific organ which can respond to a particular hormone.
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How does the nervous system achieve regulation?
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Nerve fibers innervate muscles or glands that may function as effectors in the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Example of negative feedback inhibition
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secretion of insulin reduces blood glucose, inhibiting secretion of additional insulin (closed-loop system)
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4 types of primary tissues in the body
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1. muscle
2. nervous 3. epithelial 4. connective |
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3 types of muscle tissue
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1. skeletal
2. smooth 3. cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle tissue characteristics
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1. striated
2. attached to bones by means of tendons to move skeleton 3. exceptions: tongue, superior esophagus, anal sphincter, and diaphragm |
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Cardiac muscle characteristics
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1. striated
2. intercalated discs connect myocadial cells 3. only in the heart |
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Smooth muscle characteristics
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1. not striated
2. found in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, and ducts of reproductive and urinary systems. |
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Peristalsis
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series of wavelike contractions of circular and and longitudinal layers of muscle which pushes food through digestive tract
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2 components of nervous tissue
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1. neurons
2. supporting cells |
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Neuroglial or glial cells
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cells in brain and spinal cord which provide neurons with anatomical and functional support.
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3 parts of a neuron
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1. cell body
2. dendrites 3. axon |
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What is the function of a neuron cell body?
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metabolic center of the cell - contains the nucleus
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Dendrites
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1. highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body
2. receive input from other neurons or from receptor cells |
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Axon
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1. a single cytoplasmic extension of the cell body that can be quite long
2. specialized for conducting nerve impulses form cell body to another neuron or to an effector cell |
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Supporting cells
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1. bind neurons together
2. modify extracellular environment of the nervous system 3. influence nourishment and electrical activity of neurons |
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Do supporting cells conduct nerve impulses?
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No
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What is the ratio of supporting cells to neurons in the nervous system?
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5:1
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Are neurons able to divide by mitosis throughout life?
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No (but supporting cells are)
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Epithelial cells form what 2 types of structures?
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1. membranes
2. glands |
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2 types of glands
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1. endocrine
2. exocrine |
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Exocrine gland
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secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane
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Endocrine gland
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secrete chemicals (hormones) into the blood
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3 shapes of epithelial cells
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1. squamous
2. cuboidal 3. columnar |
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Epithelial membranes one layer thick are ________ membranes; membranes composed of a number of layers are _______ membranes.
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simple; stratified
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Epithelial membranes provide a ______ between the external environment and the internal environment.
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barrier
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Stratified epithelial membranes provide ___________.
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protection
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Simple epithelial membranes are specialized for ______ of substances between the internal and external environments.
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transport
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What do goblet cells secrete?
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mucus
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Cilia
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hairlike structures which move in a coordinated fashion and aid in the function of the organs which they line
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Nonkeratinized membrane
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composed of all living cells - no keratinized/cornified cells
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Keratinized membrane
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contains layers of keratinized cells to afford more protection
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Keratin
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water-resistant protein
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3 characteristics of epidermis
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1. stratified
2. squamous 3. keratinized |
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What connects epithelial membrane to underlying connective tissue?
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basement membrane
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Basement membrane is a layer of _________ and _______________.
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proteins; polysaccharides
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Alport's syndrome
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genetic disorder of the basement membrane's collagen subunits leading to their degradation and can cause kidney failure
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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autoimmune disease produced when antibodies attack basement membrane components, causing lung and kidney impairment
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3 examples of exocrine glands in the skin
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1. lacrimal glands
2. sebaceous glands 3. sweat glands |
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2 types of sweat glands
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1. eccrine (merocrine) - regular
2. apocrine - secrete protein-rich fluid; located in axillae, pubic region |
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All glands that secrete into the digestive tract are [endocrine/exocrine].
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exocrine
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The liver, pancreas, testes, and ovaries are:
1. endocrine 2. exocrine 3 both |
3. both
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True or False: The male accessory sex organs - the prostate and seminal vesicles - are exocrine glands.
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True
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4 primary types of connective tissue
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1. connective tissue proper
2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood |
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3 types of connective tissue proper
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1. loose connective or areolar tissue
2. dense regular connective tissue 3. dense irregular tissue |
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Adipose tissue is a specialized type of __________ connective tissue.
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loose connective or areolar
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Why is blood classified as a type of connective tissue?
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1/2 its volume is an ECF, the blood plasma
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Cartilage consists of ____________, surrounded by a semisolid ground substance that imparts elastic properties to the tissue.
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chondrocytes
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An adipocyte is cytoplasm stretched around a central globule of _____.
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fat
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What's another word for cartilage?
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gristle
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What consists of concentric layers (lamellae) of calcified material laid around blood vessels?
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bone
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What are bone-forming cells called?
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osteoblasts
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What's an osteon?
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central canal surrounded by concentric rings of lamellae (unit of bone structure, also called a haversian system)
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True or False: Dentin is harder than enamel or bone.
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False. Enamel is harder than dentin or bone.
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Organ
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structure composed of 2 or more primary tissues
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The skin is the ______ organ.
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largest
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3 layers of skin
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1. epidermis
2. dermis 3. hypodermis |
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The skin is nourished by blood vessels in the ______.
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dermis
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2 functions of epidermis
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1. prevent water loss
2. protect against invasion by disease-causing organisms |
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3 exocrine glands of the skin
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1. hair follicle
2. sweat glands 3. sebaceous glands |
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4 structures contained in the dermis
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1. blood vessels
2. white blood cells 3. nerve fibers 4. adipose cells |
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Most of the adipose cells are grouped together to form the _________ .
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hypodermis
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How are calluses formed?
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the epidermis increases the rate of cell division and increases the cornified layer in response to constant abrasion
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How does the skin protect itself from UV light?
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by increasing melanin production, which absorbs UV light while producing a tan
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Characteristics shared by skin and mot other organs:
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1. covered by an epithelium that lies directly over a layer of connective tissue
2. connective tissue contains blood vessels, nerve endings, scattered infection-fighting cells, and possibly glandular tissue |
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Totipotent
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able to produce all of the different specialized cell types in the body (ex. zygote)
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As cells become more specialized or differentiated, they lose the ability to _________ and _____________.
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divide; reproduce
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Adult stem cells
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less differentiated cells retained in small populations to divide and differentiate into more specialized cell types
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5 locations where can stem cells be found:
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1. bone marrow
2. brain 3. hair follicle 4. skeletal muscles 5. intestine |
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What causes graying of the hair?
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loss of melanocyte stem cells in hair follicles
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Multipotent
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can form a variety of related cell types (ex.: adult stem cells)
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Pluripotent
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can form unrelated cell types (ex.: embryonic stem cells)
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Organ systems
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grouping of organs in different regions of the body that perform related functions
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11 organ systems
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1. integumentary
2. nervous 3. endocrine 4. skeletal 5. muscular 6. circulatory 7. immune 8. respiratory 9. urinary 10. digestive 11. reproductive |
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Intracellular
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compartment inside cell
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Extracellular
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compartment outside cells
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Both intracellular and extracellular compartments are __________.
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aqueous
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The intracellular and extracellular compartments are separated by the __________.
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cell membrane
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2 parts of extracellular compartments:
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1. blood plasma
2. interstitial fluid |
