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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 ways of regulating metabolic pathways and how does each work?
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- Gene Regulation: turning off certain genes so unnecessary proteins aren't made.
- Cellular Regulation: cell - signaling that helps cells adapt to changes in the environment. - Biochemical Regulation: the binding of a molecule to an enzyme regulates its function (competitive/ non- competitive inhibition) |
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What is a Cell wall?
What is a Chloroplast? Central Vacuole? |
- A cell wall is the structure that provides cell support
-A Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis -The Central Vacuole is the site that provides storage; regulation of cell volume |
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- How are two strandds of DNA molecule held together?
Why is G more tightly bonded to a C than A is to T? |
- 2 strands are held together via Hydrogen Bonds
- There are only 2 hydrogen bonds between A & T, whereas G & C have 3 hydrogen bonds |
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What are the 4 major types of macromolecules found in cells?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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- What is the difference between enthalpy (total energy 4) & free energy (6)?
- What is S? - What formula shows why G must decrease if a reaction is to occur spontaneously? - Why must Delta G be negative? |
- Enthalpy is total energy (usable + unusable). Free energy is the usable e3nergy only.
- A system's entropy ~ Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S - If Delta G is negative, it menas the products have less free energy than the reactants, energy is releases, and the reaction is spontaneous. If Delta G is positive, it mens the products have more energy, energy is absorbed = non-spontaneous |
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Difference between mom-, di-, and Polysaccharide?
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"Mono" = 1 sugar
"Di"= 2 sugars "Poly"= more than 2 sugars |
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What is a plysaccarid?
What is a monosaccharide? What is a dissacharide? (Give an ex. of each) |
- Polysaccharides are any class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules. ex: starch
- Monosaccharide is a sugar tha does not hydrolyze to give other sugars. Simplest group of carbohydrates. Ex. Fructose -disaccharides are a variety of carbs that yield 2 monosacharide molecules on complete hydrolysis Ex: sucrose |
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What is the definition of a carbohydrate?
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An essential component of living cells and source of energy
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Summarize the reasons why carbon is ideally suited to serve as the building block for biological molecules
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Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, branched configurations for a variety of purposes. Carbon bonds are stable in the large range of temperature associate with life.
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Name 2 main semi- automnus organelles (give the fuction of each)
Why are they called semi-automnus? In what ways do they resemble a bacterial cell? |
- Mitochondrion provides energy for the cell through production of ATP
-Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, food making, & converts sun e nergy to chemical energy - They are partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow - Mitochondrion resemble purple bacteria, in the similar genetic structure. Chloroplasts resemble cyanbacterium in similar genetic structure |
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-Which method is used to tear apart macromolecules in biology?
- Which method is used for building macromolecules in biology? |
- Hydrolysis is used for destroying molecules in bio
- Dehydration is used for building molecules in bio |
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What are the 3 major types of amino acids?
(Explain how each differs) |
- Non- polar, polar uncharged, polar charged
- Non- polar uncharged aminos are hydrophilic but their side chains are neutral. Polar charges aminos are hydrophylic but their side chains are charged, either + or - |
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- What happens to the NADH and the FADH2 after each is made in the citric acid cycle?
- how are NADH and FADH2 moved into ATP molecules? |
- They go to oxidative phosphorilation, the electron transport chain.
- spawns movement of electron gradient, which then activates ATP synthase, that makes ATP. |
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- Know ( explain endo- & exo- cytosis
- What ex. is there for a cell needing to use endo & exocytosis? - why is the lysosome often involved in the final step of this process? |
- A metrial the cell needs may be too big to come through transport or channel, so endocytosis would be used.
- In the final step, the vesicle fuse with a lysosome & releases its cargo |
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- Explain Peter Agre's Experiment on CHIP: 28
- S step process |
- Isolated gene with instructions on how to make protein.
- Used enzyme polymerase to read gene & make lots of mRNA from gene. - Injected that mRNA into frog egg. - Observed that frog egg took on more water than normal & exploded |
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Nucleus?
Nuclear Envelope? Nucleolus? Chromatin? Lysosome? Cytosol? |
- Nucleus is the area where most genetic material is organized and expressed
- Nuclear Envelope is a a double membrane that encloses the nucleus - Nucleolus is the site ofr ribosome subunit assembly - Chromatin is a compolex of protein & DNA - Lysosome is the site where macromolecules are degraded - Cytosol is the site of many metabolic pathways |
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Which % of proteins are asociated with cellular proteins?
Phospholipid molecules are in constant motion except for 1 thing; Explain which thing it is & why. |
- 30% of all proteins are associated with cellular proteins
- Phospholipidsd move left, right, front, & back but they don't switch from up to down. This is because of the hydrophobic effect, the phospholipid head doesn't want to go into the hydrophobic oily zone so that is why they don't or very rarely switch positions from up to down. |
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What is a . . .
- Microscope? - Micrograph? - Resolution? - Contrast? - Magnification? |
Microscope is a magnification tool that aids researchers in studying the structure & functions of a cell.
- A Micrograph is an image taken with the aid of a microscope. Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image , the ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another - Contrast is the ability to visualize a particular cell structure clearer - Magnification is the ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope & its actual size |
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What is the Definition of Cell Biology?
What does "omnis cellula e cellula" mean? |
- The study of individual cells and their interactions with each other.
- "Omnis cellula e cellula" means: "every cell originates from another cell" |
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All forms of life can be placed into what two categories?
give an Ex. of each. |
Prokaryotes: bacteria, archea
Eukaryotes: i.e. plants, animals, fungi |
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What is the difference that enables proteins destined to stay in the ER to remain there as compared to those destined to move elsewhere?
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- Proteins destined to stay in the ER would need to have a 2nd signal, & there particular shape wouldn't mix with those that have the cargo signal.
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What is an axoneme?
What is the difference between a flagellum & a cilia? How does the tail of the flagellum of the sperm bend? |
- the internal structure of cilia & flagella
- Cilia are shorter & cover the entire surface - Motor prtoeins that are attached pull on filaments that are attached as well, causing bending motions in flagellum, causing movement. |
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What are the 7 functions of a membrane?
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- Selective uptake & export of molecules
- Keeping cellular material in their compartments - Sorting proteins for particular destinations - Anchoring the autoskeleton - Production of molecules important for energy - Delivering signals from the outside of the cell to the inside - Adhesion of cells to each other & extra cellular matrix |
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What is freeze- fracture electron microscopy? explain how it works
What are the bumps seen in the figure taken by freeze- fracture? |
- Freeze the cell in a coating of liquid nitrogen, cut the cell in half by splitting the 2 leaflets in 2.
- membrane proteins |
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Where does electron transport occur?
where does it occur in bacteria? |
- Electron transport occurs in the mitochondrion. Begins in hte matrix, traveling through the inter-mitochondrial membrane & and ending in the intermembrane space.
- in the plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm. |
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Cell structure is determined by what 4 factors?
What is each factor used for? |
- matter, energy, organization, information
- Matter found in living organisms - energy is needed to produce molecules & macromolecules & to carry out other functions - Organization is important to keep a cell from being a haphazard bag of components. - Instructions, found in genetic material. This genetic material has instructions to create cells with particular structures & functions |
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What holds the alpha helixes & beta sheets together in regular fashion?
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- Alpha Helix: Hydrogen bonds along the length of the backbone to stabilize this structure
Hydrogen links to a nitrogen and forms a hydrogen bond with oxygen, which is double bonded to carbon. This repeats to form a helix - Beta Sheets: regions of the polypeptide backbone come to lie parallel to each other. Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen linked to nitrogen & double bonded oxygen from these adjacent, parallel regions. when this occurs, the polypeptide backbone adopts a repeating zigzag. |
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How does scanning electron microscopy work?
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A cell is stained in its extterior with a heavy metal, then electron beams are shot at it. Those electrons then bounce back & are captured in a film. they created a 3- dimensional surface image of the cell.
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What are the 7 major types of protein molecules?
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1) Gene, expression & regulation, proteins
2) Motor Proteins 3) Defense Proteins 4) Metabolic Enzymes 5) Cell signaling Proteins 6) Structural proteins 7) Transporters " Cats make Great Munchies That Dogs Swallow" =P |
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What is one able to do with each of the following types of light microscopes:
- Standard - Phase/ interphase - Fluoresecent - confocal |
- Simply view a sample, not much detail
- Phase: Control the path of light & amplifies differences in the phase light. Dense structures appear darker than the background. Interphase: similar to phase but can be used to visualize internal structures - specifically label a particular type of cellular protein or organelle. Fluorescence emits light at longer wavelengths. - uses lasers that illuminate various points in the simple. These points are captured by a computer to give sharp focal flare |
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There is a transition point in this glycolysis process. Identify this transition point and what occurs there.
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The transition point is between glycolysis & the acetyl group formation. The 2 pyruvates in the cytosol must pass through a channel of the mitochondrial membrane, & then through a symporter in the inner mitochondrial membrane so that the 2 pyruvates come into the mitochondrial matrix.
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Why is it that we can't metabolize cellulose?
Why are certain animals able to metabolize it? Why do animals not use carbohydrates for long term energy storage? |
- The bond orientations in beta-D-glucose or even cellulose from being hydrolyzed. This is because enzymes are highly specific for one type of molecule. Humans don't have that specific enzyme to break down cellulose.
- Some animals have the specific enzyme needed to break down the polysaccaride cellulose - Because carbohydrates are not easy to compact into small area for storage unlike lipids & fatty acids, which are what animals use. |
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In which part of hte cell do each stage of glycolysis occur?
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- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
- Acetyl group occurs in the mitochondrial matrix - Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix - Oxidative Phosphorilation occurs in the cristae, part of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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What is a domain?
What sets one domain apart from another? |
- Portions within proteins with distinct structures & functions
- They are unique; the same kind of domain may be found in several other proteins. When the same domain is found in diff. proteins, the domain has the same 3D shape & performs a function that is characteristic of that domain. |
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How does material move from the ER to the GOlgi?
How does material move from the cis to themedial to translayers & beyond? What happens in the Golgi? |
- Cargo/ material that need to go to the golgi would first activate a cargo receptor which starts forming a vessicle that has the cargo inside it & had the v-shapes on it & is surrounded by protein coat. Once detached it would float over to golgi, where v-snares meet with the golgi is t- snares, this making the golgi receive the vesicle and it's cargo.
-Vesivles - Sorts whether the cargo will be going to a lysosome/ vacuole, plasma membrane or secratory vesicle. |
